In this study, we show how the red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) causes loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and promotes host secondary apoptotic necrosis. RGNNV viral proteins such as protein alpha (42 kDa) and protein A (110 kDa) were quickly expressed between 12 h and 24 h postinfection (p.i.) in GL-av cells. Annexin V staining revealed that the NNV infection of GL-av c...

Betanodavirus, also referred to nervous necrosis virus (NNV), is the causative agent of the fatal disease, viral nervous necrosis and has brought significant economic losses in marine and freshwater cultured fish, especially larvae and juveniles. Here, we used an established invasion model with virus-like particle (VLP)-cells, mimicking orange-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (OGNNV), to ...

Background: Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) (Tospovirus genus, Bunyaviridae family) infects the major crops of solanaceae, leguminosae and cucurbitaceae in India. Temperature is an important factor which influences the plant growth and development under diseased conditions.Objective: In the present study, we evaluated the effect of four different temp...

Betanodaviruses, the causal agents of viral nervous necrosis in marine fish, have bipartite, positive-sense RNA genomes. As their genomes are the smallest and simplest among viruses, betanodaviruses have been studied in detail as model viruses by using a genetic-engineering system, as has occurred with the insect alphanodaviruses, the other members of the family Nodaviridae. However, studies of...

Mass mortalities of sevenband grouper Epinephelus septemfasciatus reared in Oita Prefecture were investigated. The outbreaks of the disease occurred in summer seasons (July to October; water temperature 25-28°C) of 1993 and 1994. Affected fish ranging 170 to l,85Og in body weight were characterized by upside down swimming and inflation of swimbladder. Histopathologically, necrosis and vacuolati...