Waterfalls are specific hydrological and hydrobiological objects that often serve as the natural obstacles for spreading of aquatic animal species, resulting discontinuous range these species. rapids create special habitats riverine organisms cause microclimatic changes along coast. The areas largest waterfalls in Ethiopia, high-mountainous Jinbar Waterfall low-mountainous Blue Nile Falls (Tis ...

We describe several programs working with 1201x1201 gridded (array) terrain elevation data: determining the viewshed of an observer, and the visibility indices of all points, converting from a grid to a TIN, losslessly and lossily compressing a grid, and interpolating from contours to a grid. The intent is to integrate these, and new, programs, into a test suite the better to understand hypsogr...

We describe several programs working with 1201x1201 gridded (array) terrain elevation data: determining the viewshed of an observer, and the visibility indices of all points, converting from a grid to a TIN, losslessly and lossily compressing a grid, and interpolating from contours to a grid. The intent is to integrate these, and new, programs, into a test suite the better to understand hypsogr...

To study evolution, biologists have traditionally investigated what has happened in the past, sometimes many millions of years ago. To learn about dinosaurs, a paleontologist looks at dinosaur fossils. To study human evolution, an anthropologist looks at human fossils and, increasingly, examines the “family tree” of mutations that have accumulated in human DNA over millions of years. For the bi...

Abstract Waterfalls can form due to external perturbation of river base level, lithologic heterogeneity, and internal feedbacks (i.e., autogenic dynamics). While waterfalls formed by heterogeneity are well documented, there is a lack criteria with which identify waterfalls, thereby limiting the ability assess influence on landscape evolution. We propose that evolve from bedrock bedforms known a...