A fuel-based methodology for calculating motor vehicle emission inventories is presented. In the fuel-based method, emission factors are normalized to fuel consumption and expressed as grams of pollutant emitted per gallon of gasoline burned. Fleet-average emission factors are calculated from the measured on-road emissions of a large, random sample of vehicles. Gasoline use is known at the stat...

We characterize regionally specific life cycle CO2 emissions per mile traveled for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) across the United States under alternative assumptions for regional electricity emission factors, regional boundaries, and charging schemes. We find that estimates based on marginal vs average grid emission factors differ by as much as ...

Intensive measurements were performed at roadside locations in Reno, Nevada, and Durham/Research Triangle Park, North Carolina to derive mass emission factors from on-road vehicles. Measurements included continuous particulate matter (PM) concentrations (PM2.5, and PM10), wind speed, wind direction, and vehicle number, class, and speed. A multi-lag linear regression approach was applied to calc...

the current regulated particle metric in vehicle emissions is the total mass, while during last decade interest in number size distribution has increased. various international studies on epidemiology and toxicology have reported the adverse effect of the particle matter on public health. the unece group of experts on pollution and energy (grpe) under particle measurement program (pmp) are unde...

Context Abstract: Nitrous oxide (NO2) is a potent greenhouse gas whose atmospheric budget is poorly constrained. One known atmospheric source is the formation of N2O on three-way motor vehicle catalytic converters followed by emission with the exhaust. Previous estimates of the magnitude of this N2O source have varied widely. Two methods employing tunable infrared lasers to measure N2O/CO2 rati...

Estimating the emission consequences of surface transportation operations is a complex process. Decision makers need to quantify the air quality impacts of transportation improvements aimed at reducing congestion on the surface street network. This often requires the coupling of transportation and emission models in ways that are sometimes incompatible. For example, most macroscopic transportat...

In p r es e nt d a y mod e r n wor l d Vehicles have become an part and parcel of every one's life. Situations and circumstances have their predominant role in the usage of vehicles in this modernized urban life. As to consider both sides of the coin, this has its own effects, one of the main side effects being air pollution. Each and Every vehicle will have emission but the main problem occurs...

Fuzzy control strategy is developed for the dual-clutch single-axis torque coupling parallel hybrid electric vehicle. In this paper the torque distribution fuzzy controller which has been designed for the hybrid vehicle which is optimized by genetic algorithms. The simulation model of the hybrid vehicle was built upon matlab / simulink and ADVISOR software. Then a fuzzy rules and correspondent ...

exhaust emissions contribute greatly to air pollution, the social cost of which may occur as danger to human health, attracting huge medical expenses, causing absenteeism and hence loss of productivity. these are incentives to reduce exhaust emissions to the barest minimum. two major cities in ghana, accra and kumasi, are struck by vehicular traffic jams especially during rush-hours and are gra...

UNLABELLED The Desert Research Institute conducted an on-road mobile source emission study at a traffic tunnel in Van Nuys, California, in August 2010 to measure fleet-averaged, fuel-based emission factors. The study also included remote sensing device (RSD) measurements by the University of Denver of 13,000 vehicles near the tunnel. The tunnel and RSD fleet-averaged emission factors were compa...