Direct democracy is now being regarded as both an alternative of and adjustment for representative constitutional democracy. Nevertheless, discussed in this article, direct devices, particularly those legal systems where no quorum provided validating referendums, can harm minorities. The analysis “same-sex marriage referendums” provide emblematic example how a minority groups be easily outnumbe...

the goal of this research is gully erosion hazard zoning by using dempster-shafer theory for the garnaveh watershed (golestan province). for this purpose, at first a gully erosion inventory map with the scale of 1:200000 (dependent variable) for the gharnaveh watershed has been prepared using multiple field surveys and satellite pictures. from total gullies 70% of them have randomly selected fo...

Why Read This Chapter? To help you decide how to check your simulation – both against its antecedent conceptual models (verification) and external standards such as data (validation) – and in this way help you to establish the credibility of your simulation. In order to do this the chapter will point out the nature of these processes, including the variety of ways in which people seek to achiev...

methodology of islamic principles (‘ilm al-uṣūl) is a dignified science serving to understand religious texts; on the other hand, however, this science is indebted to holy qur’ān for its credibility and authority. the qur’ānic verses play a special role in validating and authorizing this science. this role is to be viewed in terms of foundation-laying, as āyāt al-uṣūl (verses of principles) are...

in this paper, a supplier-retailer transportation system is investigated as a two-echelon environment. there is a single location in each echelon; the unique supplier at the first echelon has to replenish the retailer's warehouse at the second echelon. by the way, the shortage situation should be avoided. for this situation, a model is provided based on the traditional eoq model. the inven...