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OBJECTIVE To monitor the systemic immune responses of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) under treatment with GNbAC1, a monoclonal antibody against the envelope protein of the MS- associated retrovirus, during a phase 2a trial. METHODS We analyzed the composition of immune cell subsets and the activation level of monocytes by flow cytometry and the response against viral and vaccine antige...

BACKGROUND: On March 22, 2002, Internet-based reports (IBRs) were added to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) to allow rapid, expedited reporting of adverse events (AEs) in anticipation of wider use of counter-bioterrorism vaccines such as those against smallpox and anthrax. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of IBRs on the timeliness and completeness of vaccine AE reporting. ME...

BACKGROUND Regulatory T (Treg) cells can be induced with DNA vaccinations and protect mice from the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Tacrolimus (FK506) has been shown to have functions on inducing immunosuppression and augmenting apoptosis of pathologic T cells in autoimmune disease. Here we examined the therapeutic effect...

The protein monomer of bacterial flagella, FliC, is known to stimulate human innate immunity through activation of Toll-like receptor five. Linking native Salmonella FliC with various antigens has demonstrated an increased immune response as compared to single antigen presentation. To drastically reduce production time and allow for a more cost effective recombinant vaccine adjuvant, a syntheti...

Recombinant human myelin basic protein (rhMBP) was previously produced in the milk of transgenic cows. Differences in molecular recognition of either hMBP or rhMBP by surface-immobilized anti-hMBP antibodies were demonstrated. This indicated differences in immunological response between rhMBP and hMBP. Here, the activity of free and controlled release rhMBP poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles (N...

newcastle is a significant avian disease continuing to cause considerable loss. developments in genetic engineering have led to plant-based platforms for human and animal vaccine production. recombinant vaccine production in hairy root systems have several advantages over stable expression in whole plants, including high growth rates, ready genetic manipulations, high levels of recombinant prot...

Recent work by Rosenberg, et. al. demonstrates the role of mutated epitopes in natural anti-cancer adaptive immunity. This has led some to hypothesize that cancer vaccines may need to induce or augment immunity against mutated and potentially patient-specific epitopes to achieve therapeutic efficacy. In the case of whole-cell cancer vaccines, this could happen either indirectly through epitope ...

Biodegradable poly-(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres (PLGA-MS) are approved as a drug delivery system in humans and represent a promising antigen delivery device for immunotherapy against cancer. Immune responses following PLGA-MS vaccination require cross-presentation of encapsulated antigen by professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). While the potential of PLGA-MS as vaccine formul...

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli are well-known intestinal pathogens in pigs. B. hyodysenteriae is the causative agent of swine dysentery, a disease with an important impact on pig production while B. pilosicoli is responsible of a milder diarrheal disease in these animals, porcine intestinal spirochetosis. Recent sequencing projects have provided information for the genome...