This paper presents a new game system formalism. The system describes both strategies and a game master (who computes scores in a given game system) in terms of lambda-calculus. This formalism revisits the prisoner's dilemma game, to discuss how meta-strategies emerge in this classical game, even without repetition. We have also examined the evolution of meta-strategies in lambda formalism.

Although routine screening for bladder cancer is not recommended, microscopic hematuria is often incidentally discovered by primary care physicians. The American Urological Association has published an updated guideline for the management of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria, which is defined as the presence of three or more red blood cells per high-power field visible in a properly collected ...

OBJECTIVE This study compared the effect of endourological procedures with or without the Amplatz sheath (AS) on cystolithotripsy. METHODS We retrospectively analysed 18 patients who underwent treatment for bladder stone over 30 mm. This study consisted of two groups, namely, patients who underwent cystolithotripsy with an AS (AS group) and those who underwent standard procedure without an AS...

A suspension of chalk powder was injected into the cavity of the urinary bladder of Fischer 344 rats. Three weeks later rats were divided into 4 major groups and were given a submucosal injection. One group received a suspension of viable Chapman 4909 tumor cells, the 2nd group received a suspension of frozen-killed 4909 tumor cells, the 3rd group received a suspension of normal rat spleen cell...

Mussamut Bcjggi, a Mahomedan female, aged about 30 years, was admitted in the Gujrat Civil Hospital, on 14th March 1897, suffering from symptoms of stone in the bladder. She could feel the stone in the urethra herself, and also knew of its existence in the bladder by the passage of gravel during the last four months. She stated that, about a year ago, she began to pass pus with the urine, and f...

A three months male child was admitted in our department as a rare variant of bladder exstrophy (true duplicate bladder exstrophy). There are only 8 cases of this variant reported in the literature so far, we report an additional case to add the scarce literature.

Much has appeared of late in the Medical Journals on the subject of stone in the bladder, and the Indian Medical Gazette has devoted a special number to its discussion and the various modes of treatment; but very little mention has been made of encysted stone, and most textbooks refer but very briefly to the subject. Having recently had occasion to operate on a case of encysted stone, I think i...

Dermoid cysts are extremely rare in the urinary bladder and can pose a diagnostic dilemma to both the Urologist and the Histopathologist. Only a few cases were found documented and cited in PubMed. We present a case of dermoid cyst in the urinary bladder presenting as a bladder stone with a brief review of the literature.

318 Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases | Volume 6 | Number 4 | July 2012 kidney calculi, the clinical features and risk factors of urolithiasis were evaluated.1 They concluded that urolithiasis remains a serious problem in Iranian children. In addition, family history of urolithiasis, urologic abnormalities, metabolic disorders, and urinary tract infections were associated risk factors for pedi...