Road pricing has been promoted by transport economists for decades as a means of solving congestion problems in big cities. Congestion causes enormous costs to society in a number of ways; for example, overall transport costs rise, polluting emissions increase, the demand for infrastructure is artificially driven up. The social benefits of solving the congestion problem would therefore be enorm...

the goal of this article is mapping urban management science. the main question of the research is “what are the subject areas of urban management science and how is the relation between these subject areas?” the map of urban management science can help to recognize urban management and its subject areas and can help policy makers to get familiar with the priorities in this subject area. for th...

there is a consensus among housing experts and policy makers that there are not enough resources for government alone to address growing urban housing challenges in many developing countries. consequently, a paradigm shift from government provision to partnerships between the public and private sectors is advocated. this study examined the prospects and challenges of public-private partnerships...

this study examined distrbution of household income in khorasan razavi province and the country for urban and rural areas, seprately. using household income and expenditure statistics compiled by the statistical center of iran during 2007-2012 the gini index, tile index, atkinson index and the tenth docile to the first docile were applied.the study findings indicate that during the studied peri...

The inability of most bank merger studies to control for hidden bailouts may lead to biased results. In this study, we employ a unique data set of approximately 1,000 mergers to analyze the determinants of bank mergers. We use data on the regulatory intervention history to distinguish between distressed and non-distressed mergers. We find that, among merging banks, distressed banks had the wors...

This study was initiated to characterize urban and peri-urban sheep production systems and their economic importance in and around the towns of Debre Berhan and Dessie, Ethiopia. The study was undertaken using group discussions, structured questionnaire and personal observations. In both locations the majority of sheep producers were male household heads and predominantly traders in urban and f...

This research presents a methodology to comprehensively define Distressed Communities. We further identify if there is a significant difference in public investment between Distressed communities and Wealthy communities. One of the key tools in sustainability planning is the use of sustainability indicators (SIs). A considerable amount of scholarship has contributed to define and develop SI pro...

Access to equity capital is critical for the growth of businesses, especially for young companies, which lack the cash flows necessary to repay loans. To meet this need, a thriving venture capital industry has evolved, fostering job creation, economic growth, and innovation in the United States. Not all companies, however, have been equally able to access such investments. Firms owned by women ...