INTRODUCTION Croup is characterised by the abrupt onset, most commonly at night, of a barking cough, inspiratory stridor, hoarseness, and respiratory distress due to upper airway obstruction. It leads to signs of upper airway obstruction, and must be differentiated from acute epiglottitis, bacterial tracheitis, or an inhaled foreign body. Croup affects about 3% of children per year, usually bet...

BACKGROUND Oral breathing and maxillary deficiency are often associated with steep mandibular plane angle, and retrognathic mandible compared with the faces of healthy controls. Some studies suggested that after rapid maxillary expansion, improvement in nasal breathing and repositioning of mandible with transitory increasing of facial height and, in some cases, spontaneous forward repositioning...

KEY TERMS I. Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Sleep A. Neurocontrol of Sleep II. Upper Airway Anatomy and Sleep A. Oropharynx III. Stages of Sleep A. Nonrapid Eye Movement B. Rapid Eye Movement IV. Sleep Disorders A. Obstructive Sleep Apnea B. Central Sleep Apnea 1. Children with Central Sleep Apnea C. Mixed Sleep Apnea V. Cardiovascular Effects of Untreated Sleep-Disordered Breathing A. Ce...

Receptors located in the posterior oral cavity and on the epiglottis play an important role in the initiation of upper airway reflexes such as swallowing, gagging, coughing and apnea. Peripheral nerves which innervate these receptor areas terminate in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). We have recorded the responses of 61 neurons in the lamb NTS to stimulation of the caudal tongue, palate an...

We present a 20-year-old male with agranulocytosis secondary to metimazole. The patient was admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) for sepsis, retrofaringeal abscess, and upper airway obstruction. Tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation was used. Severe tetraparesia and critical illness polyneuropathy was developed while the patient was in the ICU requiring prolongedmechanical ventilation...

background: the airway surfaces are one of the most common ways of entry of infectious agents. oral cavity associated lymphoid tissues are inductive site of humoral immune responses in inflammatory and infectious disorders of the upper respiratory tract. these lymphoid tissues play important roles in the induction of salivary iga. the impact of upper respiratory tract diseases on salivary iga p...

Context Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a sleep-related breathing disorder, characterised by (intense) snoring and recurrent obstructions of the upper airway during sleep. Among other things, OSA is associated with cardiovascular complications and increased mortality. Oral appliances that move the mandible into a more anterior position, commonly known as mandibular advancement devices (MAD), ...

Probiotics have been advocated as a novel therapeutic approach to respiratory disease, but knowledge of how oral administration of probiotics influences the respiratory microbiota is needed. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of bacterial DNA our objective was to determine whether oral probiotics changed the composition of the upper and lower airway, rectal, and blood microbiota. We hypothesize...

BACKGROUND Cellular oxidative stress is an important factor in asthma and is thought to be the principle mechanism by which oxidant pollutants such as ozone and particulates mediate their pro-inflammatory effects. Endogenous Phase II enzymes abrogate oxidative stress through the scavenging of reactive oxygen species and metabolism of reactive chemicals. OBJECTIVE We conducted a placebo-contro...