This paper reviews the physical fundamentals and engineering implementations for efficient information exchange via wireless communication using physical waves as the carrier among nodes in an underwater sensor network. The physical waves under discussion include sound, radio, and light. We first present the fundamental physics of different waves; then we discuss and compare the pros and cons f...

This paper reviews the physical fundamentals and engineering implementations for efficient information exchange via wireless communication using physical waves as the carrier among nodes in an underwater sensor network. The physical waves under discussion include sound, radio, and light. We first present the fundamental physics of different waves; then we discuss and compare the pros and cons f...

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are the enabling technology for various underwater applications, and the interest in UWSNs is growing. Applications of underwater sensing range from oil industry to aquaculture, and include instrument monitoring, pollution control, climate recording, prediction of natural disturbances, search and survey missions. Location information is important for ...

Wireless sensor networks have emerged as a fastgrowing technology that has enabled us to monitor physical and environmental states. As of yet these valuable sensor networks have been bound to terrestrial terrains; however, seventy percent of the Earth’s surface is covered by enormous bodies of water: oceans, seas and rivers. Most of this territory remains unchartered, and this primarily gave a ...

Underwater cameras are widely used to observe the sea floor. They are usually included in autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs), and in situ ocean sensor networks. Despite being an important sensor for monitoring underwater scenes, there exist many issues with recent underwater camera sensors. Because of light’s transportation characteristics in water and th...

In some underwater sensor networks, sensor nodes may be deployed at various depths of an ocean making those networks threedimensional (3D). While most terrestrial sensor networks can usually be modeled as two dimensional (2D) networks, these underwater sensor networks must be modeled as 3D networks. This leads to new research challenges in the area of network architecture and topology. In this ...

Sensor networks in underwater environments face unique adverse conditions. In order to be functional, specialized routing protocols are required to route the data from source to destination. This paper surveys routing protocols for underwater sensor networks. The routing protocols are examined and compared with respect to the network conditions and quality measures such as packet delivery ratio...

As over 70 percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water, it is desirable to deploy underwater sensor networks to support river monitoring research applications. Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks use acoustic waves and are characterized by long and variable propagation delays, intermittent connectivity, limited bandwidth and low bit rates. Within this research we propose a framework with...

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are widely used to explore aqueous environment. In UWSN, determining the location of sensor nodes is a critical issue. Sensed data is meaningful only when sensing node is localized. There are many techniques available for localization in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) but they are not applicable in UWSN. GPS signals cannot be used underwater for locali...