Mountain landscapes respond to transient tectonic and climate forcing through a bottom-up response of enhanced bedrock river incision that undermines adjoining hillslopes, thus propagating the signal from valley bottom ridges. As result, understanding mechanisms set pace pattern is critical first step for predicting wider landscape evolution. Typically, focus has been on impact channel bed lowe...

Wet anisotropic etching based silicon micromachining is an important technique to fabricate freestanding (e.g. cantilever) and fixed (e.g. cavity) structures on different orientation silicon wafers for various applications in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). {111} planes are the slowest etch rate plane in all kinds of anisotropic etchants and therefore, a prolonged etching always leads to...

We show that equilibrium involuntary unemployment emerges in a multi– stage game model where all market power resides with firms, on both the labour and the output market. Firms decide wages, employment, output and prices, and under constant returns there exists a continuum of subgame perfect Nash equilibria involving unemployment and positive profits. A firm does not undercut the equilibrium w...

A reasoning model, based on the logic of argumentation, is described. The model represents argumentation as a directed graph in which nodes and arcs can be colored using an ordinal set of weightings and in which the attributes of both nodes and arcs can be modified. It is thus able to deal with the undercutting or augmenting of arguments. Weightings can be propagated through the graph to genera...

In this paper we offer a formal account of reasoning with legal cases in terms of argumentation schemes. These schemes, and undercutting attacks associated with them, are formalised as defeasible rules of inference within the ASPIC+ framework. We begin by modelling the style of reasoning with cases developed by Aleven and Ashley in the CATO project, which describes cases using factors, and then...

Characterization of flaws of weld bead is imperative for high-quality welding. Methods of weld bead inspection include radiographic, ultrasonic and vision inspection. However, such methods are costly and time consuming. The proposed sensor is light, low-cost and fast. This paper summarizes our work on weld bead monitoring and defect detection using an electromagnetic sensor. Measurements are ac...

Dung and Son [6] argue that specificity as a criterion for resolving conflicts between arguments, is context dependent. They propose to use arguments address the dependency of in combination with new special argumentation semantics. Unfortunately, their solution restricted systems without undercutting arguments. This paper presents more general which allows any Moreover, applicable form depende...

The Internet technology reduces the cost of transmitting and exchanging information. ECNs exploit this opportunity to enable investors to place quotes at very little cost and compete with incumbent stock exchanges. Does this quasi–free entry situation lead to competitive liquidity supply? We analyze trades and order book dynamics on Nasdaq and Island. The Nasdaq touch is frequently undercut by ...