Intravenous anesthetics have been used clinically to induce unconsciousness for seventeen decades, however the mechanism of anesthetic‑induced unconsciousness remains to be fully elucidated. It has previously been demonstrated that anesthetics exert sedative effects by acting on endoge-nous sleep‑arousal circuits. However, few studies focus on the ventrolateral pre‑optic (VLPO) to locus coerule...

Unconsciousness due to disturbed cardiac output is seen most often as a result of acquired heart block with unstable ventricular rhythm. Less often it occurs as a result of an arrhythmia which may appear to be primary or else be associated with some obvious cardiac disease. Although unconsciousness due to this cause is relatively uncommon, it is important that the basic condition be recognized....

General anaesthesia is a tetrad of amnesia (unconsciousness), analgesia, control of autonomic reflexes and muscle relaxation. Amnesia (unconsciousness) is usually induced by intra-venous anaesthetic agents and then maintained by using inhalational anaesthetic agents. Analgesia is provided by various analgesic drugs or by regional/peripheral nerve blocks. Muscle relaxation component of general a...

When we are anesthetized, we expect consciousness to vanish. But does it always? Although anesthesia undoubtedly induces unresponsiveness and amnesia, the extent to which it causes unconsciousness is harder to establish. For instance, certain anesthetics act on areas of the brain's cortex near the midline and abolish behavioral responsiveness, but not necessarily consciousness. Unconsciousness ...

Unbiased individual unconsciousness is a methodology that involves non-parametric receiver operating characteristics and Bayesian analyses can enable researcher to define subjective thresholds for visual suppression. It among brief durations (e.g., 8.33 or 16.67 25 ms), per participant elicitor type, the threshold of presentation which each individually unconscious during masking. The outcomes ...

background: estimating pain in patients of intensive care unit (icu) is essential, but because of their special situation, verbal scales cannot be used. therefore, to estimate the level of pain, behavioral pain scale was developed by payen in 2001. objectives: the aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of behavioral pain scale in patients with low level of consciousne...

The objective of this project is to design a driver unconsciousness detection system using image processing detect drowsiness and in drivers, thereby preventing accidents resulting from fatigue. Driver fatigue serious road safety issue, with approximately 20% all attributed cause. Conventional systems rely on physiological monitoring, which can be unreliable, expensive, challenging implement ma...