in state-investor dispute, investor tends that umbrella clause transfers all contractual claims to treaty claims. by contracts, state follows narrow interpretation of this clause. up to ilc articles, establishing of responsibility of state for breach of contract requires tow preconditions. first state is merely responsible when state condoct has been of governmental nature and second is that br...

The rise and fall of organizational effectiveness, an “umbrella construct” once at the forefront of organizational theory, is traced through four life-cycle stages: emerging excitement, the validity challenge, “tidying up with typologies,” and construct collapse. Although the study of effectiveness has declined, research on its component elements continues to thrive. Using the effectiveness sto...

Umbrella sampling is an efficient method for the calculation of free energy changes of a system along well-defined reaction coordinates. However, when there exist multiple parallel channels along the reaction coordinate or hidden barriers in directions perpendicular to the reaction coordinate, it is difficult for conventional umbrella sampling to reach convergent sampling within limited simulat...

The surface affinity of the hydronium ion in water is investigated with umbrella sampling and classical molecular dynamics simulations, in which the system is described with the effective fragment potential (EFP). The solvated hydronium ion is also explored using second order perturbation theory for the hydronium ion and the empirical TIP5P potential for the waters. Umbrella sampling is used to...

This paper develops a theory of umbrella branding as a way to link the reputations of otherwise unrelated products. My analysis predicts that umbrella branding can credibly signal positive correlation between the qualities of the included products to consumers, but cannot certify high quality or signal negative quality correlation. Moreover, whenever umbrella branding signals perfect positive q...

We present a framework for animating the major features of jellyfish motion. Specifically, we concentrate on simulating the contracting and expanding umbrella of a fully grown jellyfish. The outer surface of the umbrella is treated as an elastic body, simulated numerically with a spring-mass system. The thrust generated by umbrellar contraction is calculated with approximated models and based o...

The interaction between ammonia and Ru(0001) has been studied by means of Fourier-transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (FT-IRAS). Chemisorption of NH 3 on Ru(0001) enhances the IR cross section of the umbrella mode of the molecule. For the first adsorption layer, changes in the IR intensity of the umbrella mode correlate with variations in the orientation of the molecules obser...

The International Society of Paediatric Oncology-Renal Tumour Study Group (SIOP-RTSG) has developed a new protocol for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up monitoring of childhood renal tumours - the UMBRELLA SIOP-RTSG 2016 protocol (the UMBRELLA protocol). This protocol has been designed to continue international collaboration in the treatment of childhood renal tumours and will be implemen...

In this paper, we study planar drawings of maximal outerplanar graphs with the objective of achieving small height. A recent paper gave an algorithm for such drawings that is within a factor of 4 of the optimum height. In this paper, we substantially improve the approximation factor to become 2. The main ingredient is to define a new parameter of outerplanar graphs (the so-called umbrella depth...

The authors introduce an algorithm for determining the steady-state probability distribution of an ergodic system arbitrarily far from equilibrium. By enforcing equal sampling of different regions of phase space, as in umbrella sampling simulations of systems at equilibrium, low probability regions are explored to a much greater extent than in physically weighted simulations. The algorithm can ...