Introduction: Urine morphine test, in several countries is the most primarily available qualitative test for detecting opioid abusers. Since the users of illicit drugs attempt to defeat urine tests and there are also plenty of claims that usage of HD (high dose) contraceptive pills can result in false-negative results, we decided to design the present study to investigate the probable in vit...

The neuropeptide orphanin FQ/nociceptin (OFQ/N) has been shown to counteract several effects of endogenous and exogenous opioids, and it has been proposed as an opioid-modulating agent involved in the development of morphine tolerance and dependence. However, conflicting results have been obtained from animal models using different protocols to induce morphine tolerance. Here, we report that bo...

background: previous studies have confirm the effects of water extract of crocus sativus on the euphoric and behavioral properties of morphine in mice. objective: in the present study, the effects of intra-accumbal administration of alcohol extract of crocus sativus stigma on the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (cpp) in male wistar rats (250-300 g) we...

in the present study, the effect of gaba (γ-aminobutyric acid) receptor agonists and antagonists on morphine-induced antinociception was investigated in formalin test in rats. intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of different doses of morphine (1, 3, 6 and 9 mg/kg) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of different doses of muscimol (0.5, 1 and 2 g/rat) or baclofen (0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/rat) ...

OBJECTIVE A rare, but consistently reported complication of intrathecal (IT) delivery of opioids via programmable implantable infusion pumps is aseptic granuloma formation around the tip of the IT catheter. In the current study, the incidence and severity of IT granuloma formation was assessed for the MedStream Programmable Infusion and SynchroMed II Infusion pumps when delivering saline, baclo...

Introduction: Nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a critical role in neuronal reward circuits that are responsible for motivated and goal-directed behaviors. Some data suggest that morphine induces apoptosis in neurons, while other evidences show that morphine could have beneficial effects against neuronal cell death. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of morphine on apoptosis in the N...

Pruritus (itch sensation) is the most common side effect associated with spinal administration of morphine given to humans for analgesia. A variety of agents have been proposed as antipruritics with poorly understood mechanisms and they are effective with variable success. kappa-Opioid agonists possess several actions that are opposite to micro -opioid agonists. We proposed to investigate the r...

background: cuminum cyminum fruit essential oil (feo) dose-dependently can attenuate the expression of morphine tolerance and dependence in morphine-dependent mice. objective: in this study, the effects of cuminum cyminum feo on acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (cpp) in morphine-sensitized mice were studied. methods: repeated subcutaneous (s.c.) admini...

objective: it has been shown that berberine, a major component of berberis vulgaris extract, modulates the activity of several neurotransmitter systems including dopamine (da) and n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) contributing to rewarding and reinforcing effects of morphine. drug craving and relapsing even after a long time of abstinence therapy are the most important problems of addiction. in the p...

backgrounds and aims: cinnamomum zeylanicum is a medicinal herb used in iranian traditional medicine as an analgesic spice, which its analgesic effect has been experimentally confirmed. thus, this study was conducted to compare the antinociceptive effect of cinnamon essential oil (ceo) with those of morphine and diclofenac in mice. materials and methods: 80 male albino mice were selected and ra...