limit to the tension reinforcement ratio ( ρ) in flexural high strength reinforced concrete (hsrc) members is based on the requirement that tension failure as sufficient rotation capacity are ensured at ultimate limit state. however, the provisions for the total amount of longitudinal reinforcement ratio ( ρ and ρ’) are not associated with any rational derivation. in this paper, a quantitative ...

Excavation unloading significantly contributes to rock slope failure in an open-pit mine. At present, there is no relevant theoretical study on the mechanism of under excavation unloading. Therefore, this study, based theory fracture mechanics, expression stress intensity factor at crack tip mass vertical distance, h, from top derived, calculation method initiation angle given, ultimate safe he...

The measurement of relative displacements and deformations is important in many fields such as structural engineering, aerospace, geophysics, and nanotechnology. Optical-fiber sensors have become key tools for strain measurements, with sensitivity limits ranging between 10(-9) and 10(-6)ε hertz (Hz)(-1/2) (where ε is the fractional length change). We report on strain measurements at the 10(-13)...

The circular tubes containing external pit defects are analyzed in a lower-bound finite element computational form based on the static shakedown theorem. The shakedown analysis has not been commonly used in the engineering due to the large amount of computations. To overcome the numerical difficulties, a temperature parameter method is used, in which a pseudo-temperature field is applied to the...

One of the most challenging aspects in semi-mobile in-pit crushing and conveying (SMIPCC) system design is determining optimum depth at which to change from a purely truck-based haulage conveyor-based system. We used scenario analysis determine transition between truck shovel (TS) SMIPCC Traditional pit-limit algorithms were generate final pit limit on copper deposit, was then divided into four...

Colonization of the gastric pits in the stomach by Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is a major risk factor for gastritis, gastric ulcers, and cancer. Normally, rapid self-renewal of gut epithelia, which occurs by a balance of progenitor proliferation and pit cell apoptosis, serves as a host defense mechanism to limit bacterial colonization. To investigate how Hp overcomes this host defense, we use the ...