electronic document existed at a certain point in time and that it has not been modified since then. Different time-stamping schemes have already been proposed. Most of them use the concept of trusted Time-Stamping Authority (TSA). A TSA is in charge of time-stamping documents and delivering a timestamping certificate for each time-stamped document. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new...

We consider an open two-level system driven by a piecewise constant periodic field and described by a rate equation with Fermi, Bose, and Arrhenius rates, respectively. We derive an analytical expression for the generating function and large deviation function of the work performed by the field and show that a work fluctuation theorem holds.

Phenomena associated with a two-level atom driven by a strong monochromatic field are frequently analyzed in terms of dressed states @1#. The dressed states are the eigenstates of the coupled atom plus driving field system. A dressed-state approach has previously been extended from one field to two driving fields, that is, a bichromatically driven two level atom. The doubly dressed states have ...

This paper presents a generalised twolevel implementation which can handle linear and non-linear morphological operations. An algorithm for the interpretation of multi-tape two-level rules is described. In addition, a number of issues which arise when developing non-linear grammars are discussed with examples from Syriac.

Here, the population transfer between two specific levels of Cesium atomunder the influence of chirped laser source has been numerically investigated. The maingoal of this study is the engineering of the population transfer between the 62S1/2 and 62P1/2levels of Cesium which is corresponding to its D1 transition line using a chirped lasersource. Constructing the system Hamiltonian, as well as t...