This paper precisely characterizes secret sharing schemes based on arbitrary linear codes by using the relative dimension/length profile (RDLP) and the relative generalized Hamming weight (RGHW). We first describe the equivocation Δm of the secret vector s = [s1, . . . ,sl ] given m shares in terms of the RDLP of linear codes. We also characterize two thresholds t1 and t2 in the secret sharing ...

Owls and other animals, including humans, use the difference in arrival time of sounds between the ears to determine the direction of a sound source in the horizontal plane. When an interaural time difference (ITD) is conveyed by a narrowband signal such as a tone, human beings may fail to derive the direction represented by that ITD. This is because they cannot distinguish the true ITD contain...

Communication is a main key to survival. Many animals use sound to exchange information, which is important in species recognition, sexual selection and consequently in speciation. The animals best known for their vocal virtuosity are birds, which use acoustic signals extensively to communicate. Bird song supplies an important model in the study of learned vocal communication including human sp...

Abstract To ensure effective acoustic communication, signals should reach receivers in the least distorted form possible. Animals use various short- and long-term strategies to avoid signal degradation masking. However, we still have an insufficient understanding of how animals’ vocal behaviour is impacted by vocalisations other animals their communities. We experimentally examined two tropical...

Along with the strong movement towards sustainable urban environments, there is an increasing use of green roof systems, including the semi-extensive green roofs, which are composed of lightweight layers of freedraining material that support low-growing, tough, and drought-resistant vegetation. Various kinds of green roof systems are also used at street levels, on the top of underground car par...

A (2, n)-Visual Cryptography Scheme (VCS) is a kind of secret sharing scheme, where n participants share a secret image, and any two of them can recover the secret image visually without any cryptographic knowledge and computation devices, but any one of them cannot get any information about the secret image other than the size of the secret image. This paper studies the (2, n)−V CSXOR, and sho...