background : family planning is a method of thinking and a life style which is chosen voluntarily and according to the attitudes and responsible determination of the couples in order to promote the hygiene and convenience of the family. this study aimed to identify and compare the attitudes of the users of common contraceptive methods with regard to each method separately. methods : the descrip...

In the randomized clinical trial 200 pregnant women reffred to Niknafs maternity center from November 1997 to May 1998 were divided into two groups and underwent cesarean section.in the first group (control) the parietal and visceral peritoneum were approximated with delayed absorbable material whereas in the second group (case) the parietal and visceral peritoneum were left open.the mean age o...

Background and Objectives: Women often have many reproductive health problems in developing countries. Economic and social factors play a vital role in health outcomes. This study aimed to predict women's reproductive health from socio-economic status in Ardabil City, Iran in 2020. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted based on a prospective cohort study in Ardabil in March 2020. Out ...

introduction:  vasectomy is a simple and highly effective contraceptive method. comparing with tubectomy, vasectomy is much less likely to have serious complications, failure and costs. the knowledge and attitude play an important role in approving and using vasectomy. this study was designed and conducted in zahedan high schools in 2002, to investigate the knowledge and attitude of male and fe...

Editor – While we were pondering over the widening gap between the numbers of girls and boys in our newborn unit, we came across the thought-provoking article of R. Hussain et al. (1). The ‘‘gender gap’’ is gradually increasing inmany developing countries, and India is no exception. In India, over the last fifty years, the number of females per thousand males has gone down from 1053 to 972 (2);...

Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) form the major family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are involved in the innate immunity. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. In human, 10 members of this family have been identified so far. Among these TLRs, TLR3, 7, 8 and 9 designed to recognize nucleic acids and expresse...