The study reports a field survey to determine the presence of parasitism on the leaf defoliator Hypocala andremona (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs, on parsimmon trees by Trichogrammatids. H. andremona eggs were sampled weekly on two branches/10 trees/orchard during the 2000/01 and 2001/02 crop seasons in Londrina, and during 2000/01crop season in Arapongas, PR, Brazil. In laboratory the e...

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) is an emerging polyphagous pest. Its primary food the corn cob, which suffers significant damage with its larvae skeletonizing or “windowing” leaves. Only larval stage seriously risky and small large communities as well researchers have used a variety of control methods A number low-cost mitigation strategies are available these include encou...

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda is a polyphagous and economically important insect pest originated from tropical sub-tropical parts of America. Being strong flier, climatic adaptation large host range makes it serious threat to food security. It responsible for high economic losses in many cash crops, vegetables cereals. overreliance overuse pesticides the management FAW posed pr...

Trichogramma brassicae (Bezdenko) is the most important species of Trichogramma parasitoids in Iran. The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) is a polyphagous insect pest that attacks many crops including cotton, maize, soybean, tomato, etc. The bollworm egg is a suitable target for many Trichogramma species. Factitious hosts such as eggs of the flour moth, Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller...

The genus Trichogramma Westwood, 1833 are important biological control agents of especially Lepidoptera pests in all around the world. These tiny wasps can’t be reliably identified owing to their small size and lack definable morphological characters. ITS2 (Internal transcribed spacer 2) sequence-based identification has been performed successfully for years parasitoids Trichogramma. use indige...

Eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller 1879) are widely used for mass rearing of Trichogramma spp. and other parasitoids and predators, largely commercialized in many countries. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) originated from larval metabolism on the biological parameters of A. kuehniella. For that purpose, we assess the production of carbon dioxide (CO2) pe...