Lignocellulosic biomass feedstock transportation bridges biomass production, transformation, and conversion into a complete bioenergy system. Transportation and associated logistics account for a major portion of the total feedstock supply cost and energy consumption, and therefore improvements in transportation can substantially improve the cost-competitiveness of the bioenergy sector as a who...

Despite the obstacles caused by the data constraints and diversity of industrial structure, analysis of the service sector is growing in importance. Focusing on one service industry in particular—freight transportation—a research team led by Senior Fellow Yoko Konishi set about analyzing the time cost as well as the monetary cost—cost of gasoline, expressway tolls, drivers' wages, and so forth—...

In this paper, we consider the fuzzy fixed-charge transportation problem (FFCTP). Both of fixed and transportation cost are fuzzy numbers. Contrary to previous works, Electromagnetism-like Algorithms (EM) is firstly proposed in this research area to solve the problem. Three types of EM; original EM, revised EM, and hybrid EM are firstly employed for the given problem. The latter is being firstl...

centralizing and using proper transportation facilities cut down costs and traffic. hub facilities concentrate on flows to cause economic advantage of scale and multimodal transportation helps use the advantage of another transporter. a distinctive feature of this paper is proposing a new mathematical formulation for a three-stage p-hub location routing problem with simultaneous pick-ups and de...

In this thesis we examine how fuel price variation affects the optimal mix of services in intercity transportation. Towards this end, we make two main contributions. The first is the development of an analytic total logistics cost model of intercity transportation, which is sensitive to fuel price and incorporates multiple classes of vehicles serving passengers with differentiated values of tim...

Previous ordering cost reduction vendor–buyer inventory models with backorder price discount usually assumed that the buyer must pay to the vendor for the ordered items as soon as the items are received, the received quantity is same as the ordered quantity and the transportation cost is independent of the shipment lot-size. In practice, however, the vendor is willing to offer the buyer a certa...

The existing works considering the flow-based discount factor in the hub and spoke problems, assume that increasing the amount of flow passing through each edge of network continuously decreases the unit flow transportation cost. Although a higher volume of flow allows for using wider links and consequently cheaper transportation, but the unit of flow enjoys more discounts, quite like replacing...

background: in order to extend hbv immunization to twenty-five-year old adolescents, ministry of health and medical education (moh & me) in iran has decided to implement hbv mass vaccination campaign for adolescents who were born from 1989 to 1992. the first three-round campaign covering 1989 born adolescents was implemented in 2007 in iran. this study was conducted for cost estimation and anal...