the thioredoxin system, comprising thioredoxin (trx), thioredoxin reductase (trxr) and nadph, is one of the major cellular antioxidant systems, implicated in a large and growing number of biological functions. trx acts as an oxidoreductase via a highly conserved dithiol/disulfide motif located in the active site ( trp-cys-gly-pro- cys-lys-). different factors are involved in the regulation of t...

although antidote development should proceed in an orderly fashion from observation, to experimental and safety studies, to clinical trials, this sequence is not always precisely followed. the development of fomepizole as an antidote for toxic alcohol and glycol poisoning is an example of how this may not be the case. interest in the development of fomepizole was spurred in the 1960s. shortly t...

The translational control of many maternal mRNAs in oocytes and early embryos relies on changes in poly(A) tail length; the factors controlling poly(A) tail length are being identified in a range of species.

Over the years a wealth of information on the role played by transcription factors in myeloid biology has contributed to our understanding of both normal and abnormal myeloid development. However, the regulation of mRNA translation in myeloid cell maturation has, in comparison, been a neglected area of study. A better understanding of the translational control of myeloid gene expression will un...

The link between perturbations in translational control and cancer etiology is becoming a primary focus in cancer research. It has now been established that genetic alterations in several components of the translational apparatus underlie spontaneous cancers as well as an entire class of inherited syndromes known as "ribosomopathies" associated with increased cancer susceptibility. These discov...

Early development of many species depends on the temporal and spatial control of maternal gene products. This review discusses the control of maternal mRNAs that encode regulators of C. elegans embryogenesis. In the C. elegans embryo, maternal mRNA regulation is crucial to the patterning of early cell fates. Translational control of key mRNAs spatially organizes cell signaling pathways, localiz...

In eukaryotic cells, specific sets of proteins associate with genome DNA and mRNA to package them into nucleosomes and mRNPs, respectively. Among the crucial functions of these DNAor RNA-protein complexes are to protect the nucleic acids incorporated into the complexes from attack by nucleases, to package them into compact particles and, most importantly, to regulate gene expression through com...

In this review, we provide an overview of the strategies developed by caliciviruses to subvert or regulate the host protein synthesis machinery to their advantage. As intracellular obligate parasites, viruses strictly depend on the host cell resources to produce viral proteins. Thus, many viruses have developed strategies that regulate the function of the host protein synthesis machinery, often...