An ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a temporary network without the use of any pre-existing network infrastructure. A number of ad hoc routing protocols have been developed during the time, but none of these is able to produce efficient routing of packets in large number of nodes due to their own limitations. Therefore, scalability is an open issue in ...

Wireless networks are gaining popularity day by day, as users want wireless connectivity irrespective of their geographic position. There is an increasing threat of malicious nodes attacks on the Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET). Distributed denial of service attack is one of the security threat in which is used to make the network resources unavailable. The distributed denial of service (DDoS) a...

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) as well as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) suffer from various challenges like low bandwidth, overhead and velocity of nodes. This research contribution is the characterization study between MANETs and WSNs environment with respect to various routing protocols. This study investigates the routing protocols corresponding to packet delivery ratio, routing overhead,...

-Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are the set of wireless nodes that can communicate with each other and forwarding each other’s packets. WMNs are multi-hop networks consisting of routers, gateways and mobile nodes, they aim at guarantee connectivity. They act as a key technology for next generation WMNs due to their low cost and relative ease of deployment they are an attractive paradigm and are ...

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a quite challenging to ensures security because if it’s open nature, lack of infrastructure, and high mobility of nodes. MANETs is a fast changing network in a form of decentralized wireless system. It requires a unique, distinct and persistent identity per node in order to provide their security and also has become an indivisible part for communication for mobi...

A translational oscillator with a rotational actuator (TORA) is an underactuated nonlinear mechanical system two degrees of freedom (DOF). This paper concerns the robust stabilization control problem for multiple external disturbances. First, disturbance observer constructed based on internal dynamic behavior system. Second, controller designed by estimated disturbances and fixed-time sliding m...

To investigate the growth response of various crop species to mycorrhizal inoculation, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were applied to Glycine max, Vigna angularis, Senna tora, Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichon. Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor, Allium tuberosum, Solanum melongena, and Capsicum annuum. The biomass of the inoculated crops was measured every two weeks for the 12-week growth period. By measu...

Seed galactomannans commonly known as seed gums, are important food hydrocolloids used all over the world in different industries. They exhibit excellent binding, suspending, emulsifying, thickening, stabilizing and water-holding properties and could be utilized for the preparation of pharmaceutical dosage forms like tablets, syrups, suspensions, lotions, ointments and for sustained drug releas...