The mechanism for picking guards in Tor suffers from security problems like guard fingerprinting and from performance issues. To address these issues, Hayes and Danezis proposed the use of guard sets, in which the Tor system groups all guards into sets, and each client picks one of these sets and uses its guards. Unfortunately, guard sets frequently need nodes added or they are broken up due to...

We propose a novel technique of matching at both ends of the guard trace to suppress resonance. This approach is derived from the viewpoint that the guard trace acts as a transmission line. We examined that matched termination suppresses guard-trace resonance through simulating a circuit and measuring radiation. We found from these results that the proposed method enables guard-trace voltages t...

Stomata are highly specialized organs that consist of pairs of guard cells and regulate gas and water vapor exchange in plants [1-3]. Although early stages of guard cell differentiation have been described [4-10] and were interpreted in analogy to processes of cell type differentiation in animals [11], the downstream development of functional stomatal guard cells remains poorly understood. We h...

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We provide a spectrum of results for the Universal Guard Problem, in which one is to obtain a small set of points (“guards”) that are “universal” in their ability to guard any of a set of possible polygonal domains in the plane. We give upper and lower bounds on the number of universal guards that are always sufficient to guard all polygons having a given set of n vertices, or to guard all poly...

A guard trace placed near a signal line reduces commonmode radiation from a printed circuit board. The reduction effect is evaluated by the imbalance difference model, which was proposed by the authors, when the guard trace has exactly the same potential as the return plane. However, depending on interval of ground connection of the guard trace, the radiation can increase when the guard trace r...

Isolated guard cells, prepared by sonication of epidermal peels, were used to investigate the endogenous level of abscisic acid (ABA) in the guard cells of turgid and stressed leaves of Vicia faba L. and the argenteum (arg) mutant of Pisum sativum L. The guard cells of V. faba and arg were found to contain 18 and 8 times more ABA, respectively, when isolated from stressed leaves than from turgi...

The three art gallery problems Vertex Guard, Edge Guard and Point Guard are known to be NP -hard [8]. Approximation algorithms for Vertex Guard and Edge Guard with a logarithmic ratio were proposed in [7]. We prove that for each of these problems, there exists a constant > 0, such that no polynomial time algorithm can guarantee an approximation ratio of 1 + unless P = NP . We obtain our results...