The importance of applying formal methods in the design and development process of Interactive Systems is increasingly recognised. However it is still an open issue the identification of systematic methods able to support designers and developers in specifying and demonstrating properties of user interfaces. TLIM and ICO are two formal methods which have been used for this purpose with interest...

To the Editor: We read with great interest a series of three articles (1, 4, 5) published in the April 2006 issue of the Journal of Applied Physiology examining the effect of exercise training in normobaric hypoxia on aerobic performance capacity, muscular adjustments of selected gene transcripts, and skeletal muscle mitochondrial properties in endurance runners. The authors found an improvemen...

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the cycle-run and run-cycle successions of the triathlon and duathlon, respectively, on respiratory muscle strength and endurance. METHODS Respiratory muscle strength was assessed by measuring maximal inspiratory (P(Imax)) and expiratory (P(Emax)) pressures. Respiratory muscle endurance was assessed by measuring the time limit (T(lim...

BACKGROUND Expiratory flow limitation and lung hyperinflation promote cardiocirculatory perturbations that might impair O(2) delivery to locomotor muscles in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The hypothesis that decreases in lung hyperinflation after the inhalation of bronchodilators would improve skeletal muscle oxygenation during exercise was tested. METHODS Twelve...

BACKGROUND The influence of feed restriction and different diet's caloric value on the aerobic and anaerobic capacity is unclear in the literature. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine the possible influences of two diets with different caloric values and the influence of feed restriction on the aerobic (anaerobic threshold: AT) and anaerobic (time to exhaustion: Tlim) variables...

Dynamic hyperinflation has important clinical consequences in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Given that most of these patients have respiratory and peripheral muscle weakness, dyspnea and functional exercise capacity may improve as a result of inspiratory muscle training (IMT). The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of IMT on exercise capacity, dyspnea, and...

This study evaluated the effects of ingesting sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or caffeine individually or in combination on high-intensity cycling capacity. In a counterbalanced, crossover design, 13 healthy, noncycling trained males (age: 21 ± 3 years, height: 178 ± 6 cm, body mass: 76 ± 12 kg, peak power output (Wpeak): 230 ± 34 W, peak oxygen uptake: 46 ± 8 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) performed a graded ...