This study aims to overcome the problem of dimensionality, accurate estimation, and forecasting Value-at-Risk (VaR) Expected Shortfall (ES) uncertainty intervals in high frequency data. A Bayesian bootstrapping backtest density forecasts, which are based on a weighted threshold quantile continuously ranked probability score, developed. Developed backtesting procedures revealed that an estimated...

searching efficiency and handling time are two major components of functional response and are usually used to evaluate effectiveness of natural enemies. the effect of different foraging periods on the functional response of larval aphidoletes aphidimyza (rondani) (dip.: cecidomyiidae) feeding on third instar nymphs of aphis craccivora was studied. the experiment was conducted in terms of time-...