The phonological feature [±stress] distinguishes between strong pronouns (which are capitalized here and henceforth) and others. The semantic feature [±animate] distinguishes between what I call unstressed pronouns and weak pronouns (cf. Cardinaletti & Starke (1996)). The phonological feature [±reduced] distinguishes between weak pronouns and reduced pronouns; the only reduced pronoun in Standa...

A Minimalist hypothesis about resumptive pronouns is that they should be no different from ordinary pronouns (McCloskey 2006). The paper substantiates this hypothesis with respect to a particular view of pronouns: pronouns are ‘elsewhere’ elements. Just as the interpretation of ordinary pronouns, on this view, is determined by competition with anaphors, the interpretation of resumptive pronouns...

reverse addressing is an interesting realization of kinship terms in interactive, face to face communication. this descriptive study was proposed to examine the use of family address pronouns in iran as a function of the classical sociological parameters of age, sex, and social distance. it investigated various aspects of reverse addressing as a vernacular phenomenon. data were reported from th...

1 Volkswagenstiftung Förderinitiative Documentation of Endangered Languages – Dokumentation bedrohter Sprachen (DoBeS) 3 Summary This project will investigate the relative frequencies of core parts of speech, such as nouns, verbs, and pronouns, in spoken language corpora of seven languages that represent a wide range of areal and typological diversity. We focus on two research questions: (1) Wh...

This research aimed to review the use of second-person reference in advertisement translation, work out the general rules, and provide guidance to translators. Using second-person reference is common in the advertising discourse. Addressing audiences directly involves their attention and in this way enhances their memorization of the advertised message. Second-person reference can be realized v...

In this paper, we present a method of estimating referents of demonstrative pronouns, personal pronouns, and zero pronouns in Japanese sentences using examples, surface expressions, topics and foci. Unlike conventional work which was semantic markers for semantic constraints, we used examples for semantic constraints and showed in our experiments that examples are as useful as semantic markers....

Leaders have been observed to use distinct rhetorical strategies, but it is unclear to what extent such strategies are effective. To address this issue we analyzed the official election campaign speeches of successful and unsuccessful Prime Ministerial candidates in all 43 Australian Federal elections since independence from Britain in 1901 and measured candidates' use of personal ('I', 'me') a...

We report three experiments on reference resolution in Dutch. The results of two off-line experiments and an eye-tracking study suggest that the interpretation of different referential forms*in particular, ‘‘emphatic’’ strong pronouns, weak pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns*cannot be satisfactorily explained in terms of a single feature of the antecedent. The findings show that while the dif...