OBJECTIVE The present study was carried out in healthy Thai subjects to determine the types and concentrations of standard antigens used in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin testing as an evaluation of cell-mediated immunity. MATERIAL AND METHOD One hundred subjects were tested with three antigens including tuberculin (purified protein derivative), tetanus toxoid, 1:10 and 1:100 diluti...

T cells have diversity in TCR, epitope recognition, and cytokine production, and can be used for immune monitoring. Furthermore, clonal expansion of TCR families in disease may provide opportunities for TCR-directed therapies. We developed methodology for sequencing expressed genes of TCR alpha and beta chains from single cells and applied this to vaccine (tetanus-toxoid)-responsive CD4(+) T ce...

Persistence of immune memory in humans is a crucial yet poorly understood aspect immunology. Here we have studied the effect Puumala hantavirus infection on unrelated, pre-existing by studying T cell- and antibody responses against toxoid vaccine antigens diphtheria, tetanus pertussis cohort 45 patients. We found that tetanus- -specific IgG concentrations elevate during acute virus infection. I...

The results obtained with the ELISA procedure in the international validation study on alternative methods for batch potency testing of tetanus toxoid vaccines for human use were reproducible, both within and among the participating laboratories that performed the tests. The ELISA procedure proved applicable to testing a diverse group of tetanus toxoid vaccines for human use, of different poten...

The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are amending previous recommendations and making additional recommendations for the use of tetanus toxoid, reduced-content diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap). Review of the results from clinical trials and other studies has revealed no excess reactogenicity when Tdap is given within a sh...

Since a nationwide childhood vaccination with tetanus toxoid, tetanus has become a rare disease in Korea. However, we recently experienced 17 cases of adult tetanus in a university hospital during a 21-month period. Seventy percent of the patients were female, and the mean age was 63 yr (range, 29-87). The majority (88.2%) of the patients did not get primary vaccinations for tetanus and decenni...

A study has been made by clinical methods and by bio-assay of the effectiveness of a régime for prophylaxis against tetanus. The two principal objects of the method were to ensure that active immunization was offered to all patients who had received antitoxin and to measure the effect of the combined administration of toxoid and antitoxin. Because of a high incidence of failure to re-attend, 63...

Although tetanus is now rare, vaccination is currently recommended for the entire population. Most elderly North Americans have never received tetanus vaccination. We evaluated the expected cost-effectiveness of using mailed reminders from family physicians to increase primary tetanus vaccination coverage among elderly Canadians. We estimated that over 10 years the program would prevent five ca...