ROSOPHILA, chickens and mammals have frequently shown interstrain differences in the reactions of their embryos to teratogenic agents. In those cases in which such differences have been investigated, the data have been interpreted as demonstrating a polygenic basis for inheritance, but so far as we are aware, no attempts have been made to estimate the number of genes nor the contributions by in...

Maternal valproate (VPA) use is associated with a significant risk for congenital malformations in the exposed fetus. Since VPA is commonly used in epilepsy syndromes with a presumed genetic cause (idiopathic epilepsies), it is possible that maternal genetic background contributes to this outcome. We reviewed responses to telephone questionnaires and medical records, when available, of enrollee...

Cyclophosphamide must be metabolically activated to have maximal mutagenic or teratogenic activity. The first step in this activation is hydroxylation to 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide; this metabolite breaks down to form two cytotoxic metabolites, phosphoramide mustard and acrolein. In this report, the mutagenicity and teratogenicity of Cyclophosphamide, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (which forms 4...

BACKGROUND Valproic acid (VPA) is an antiepileptic and anti-migraine prophylactic drug. VPA exhibits two severe side effects, namely acute liver toxicity and teratogenicity. These side effects are usually seen at the genetic and somatic levels. The cited action mechanisms involve inhibition of histone deacetylase, hypofolatenemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, and reactive oxidative stress. The proteom...