Backshift is a phenomenon affecting verb tense that is visible as a mismatch between some specific embedded contexts and other environments. For instance, the indirect speech equivalent of a sentence like Kim likes reading, with a present tense verb, may show the same verb in a past tense form, as in Sandy said Kim liked reading. We present a general analysis of backshift, pooling data from Eng...

Sinitic languages are very often described as tenseless, since they generally seen lacking ‘true’ grammatical markers of tense: thus, the interpretation time reference relies on other factors, such aspect, modal verbs, and use expressions. However, debate concerning tenseless nature Chinese has not been settled yet: several types items in have analyzed expressing both aspect tense, tense modali...

The polymorphic lambda-calculus can be modelled using PERs on a partial combinatory algebra. We say that the type of natural numbers (polynat) is polymorphically standard in such a model if the interpretation of the type only contains (the interpretations of) the Church numerals. We show that this is not always the case by constructing an explicit counterexample. On the other hand, when the PCA...

Park et al. (2011) introduced the concept of generalized intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets, which can be seen as an effective mathematical tool to deal with uncertainties. In this paper, the concept of generalized intuitionistic fuzzy soft equality is introduced and some related properties are derived. It is proved that generalized intuitionistic fuzzy soft equality is congruence relation with res...

The first goal of this paper is to determine whether superficially ‘tenseless’ sentences like (1b) contain a covert tense morpheme; I will argue that they do. The second goal is to determine what the semantics of that tense morpheme is. I will propose that (1b) contains a phonologically null tense morpheme which is lexically underspecified with respect to whether the reference time precedes or ...

How is temporal information conveyed in language? In languages with tense it is direct; without tense, inference allows the receiver to arrive at an indirect temporal interpretation. I will discuss tensed and tenseless languages, proposing a unified approach that applies to both. I show that a few very general pragmatic principles account for temporal interpretation, direct and indirect. I assu...

A special algebra called EQ-algebra has been recently introduced by Vilém Novák. Its original motivation comes from fuzzy type theory, in which the main connective is fuzzy equality. EQ-algebras have three binary operations meet, multiplication, fuzzy equality and a unit element. They open the door to an alternative development of fuzzy (manyvalued) logic with the basic connective being fuzzy e...

In this paper, the notions of tense operators and filters in \(BL\)-algebras are introduced several characterizations them obtained. Also, relation among \(BL\)-algebras, \(MV\)-algebras Boolean algebras investigated. Moreover, it is shown that set all a \(BL\)-algebra complete sublattice \(F(L)\) \(L\). maximal simple between studied. Finally, congruence relations strict an one-to-one correspo...