Glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose were identified in the leaves, bark, roots, and berries of Vitis vinifera L. var. Thompson Seedless. In addition to these sugars, verbascose and manninotriose were found in the leaves and bark.Malic, tartaric, citric, isocitric, ascorbic, cis-aconitic, oxalic, glycolic, glyoxylic, succinic, lactic, glutaric, fum...

Although self-discrimination has been well documented, especially in animals, self-discrimination in plants has been identified in only a few cases, such as self-incompatibility in flowers and root discrimination. Here, were port a new form of self-discrimination in plants: discrimination by vine tendrils. We found that tendrils of the perennial vine Cayratia japonica were more likely to coil a...

Many plants show some form of helical growth, such as the circular searching movements of growing stems and other organs (circumnutation), tendril coiling, leaf and bud reversal (resupination), petal arrangement (contortion) and leaf blade twisting. Recent genetic findings have revealed that such helical growth may be associated with helical arrays of cortical microtubules and of overlying cell...

The propensity for nano-tendril bundle (NTB) vs widespread growth (i.e., fuzz) on polycrystalline W under varying ion energy modulation conditions, from DC to peak-to-peak of 42 eV at 13.56 MHz, is correlated with the crystal orientation underlying grains. Grains that are vicinal orientations high surface diffusivity (e.g., {101} a body centered cubic structure) exhibit NTB lower amplitude than...

Some climbing plants use tendrils as efficient strategies to anchor and support their weights while they move in unstructured environments. In this letter, we mimic the essential functions of that wrap around a soft state by spiral winding (coiling) then lignify or stiffen strengthen attachment. We implement simple hierarchical pre-programmed functionality at material level using off-the-shelf ...