take-all disease of wheat (gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) (ggt) is one of the most destructive root diseases in the world. it has not been introduced resistant genotype against this disease. in this study, 416 genotype of bread wheat, received from different location of iran and other countries, were evaluated to take-all (t-41 isolate) in greenhouse conditions. root dry weight, shoot dr...

We study binocular rivalry in a competitive neural network with synaptic depression. In particular, we consider two coupled hypercolums within primary visual cortex (V1), representing orientation selective cells responding to either left or right eye inputs. Coupling between hypercolumns is dominated by inhibition, especially for neurons with dissimilar orientation preferences. Within hypercolu...

Models of cortical neuronal circuits commonly depend on inhibitory feedback to control gain, provide signal normalization, and selectively amplify signals using winner-take-all (WTA) dynamics. Such models generally assume that excitatory and inhibitory neurons are able to interact easily because their axons and dendrites are colocalized in the same small volume. However, quantitative neuroanato...

Winner-take-all dynamics are prevalent throughout the human and natural worlds. Such dynamics promote competition between agents as they secure available resources for themselves and undermine their opponents. However, this competition is mitigated by the capacity of any single agent to amass resources on its own. Thus, agents collude with one another to ensure that one of their own can win and...

I describe a silicon network consisting of a group of excitatory neurons and a global inhibitory neuron. The output of the inhibitory neuron is normalized with respect to the input strengths. This output models the normalization property of the wideeld directionselective cells in the y visual system. This normalizing property is also useful in any system where we wish the output signal to code ...