After surgical repair of traumatically severed peripheral nerves, associated muscles are paralyzed for weeks. Little is known about fascicle length changes in paralyzed muscles during locomotion. The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent, if any, muscle fascicles of denervated feline soleus (SO) change length during stance of walking when intact SO synergists are actively contract...

The aim of this work is to describe and assess energetic-metabolic activity of selected muscles of upper extremities and body during breaststroke swimming through infrared thermography as electromyography cannot display such muscle activity. Thermograms were taken of 25 students from the University of Defence immediately and 15 minutes after swimming 1,000 m focused on 20 regions of interest, i...

The toxicity of synergism of and resistance to insecticides in four strains of German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), were investigated. Toxicity of nine insecticides by topical application to the susceptible strain varied greater than 2,000-fold, with deltamethrin (LD50 = 0.004 micrograms per cockroach) and malathion (LD50 = 8.4 micrograms per cockroach) being the most and least toxic, re...

The relation between local circulation and alternate muscle activity among knee extensor synergists was determined during low-level sustained knee extension at 2.5% of maximal voluntary contraction for 60 min in seven subjects. Blood volume of rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) was assessed by using near-infrared spectroscopy. Surface electromyogram (EMG) was recorded from RF, VL, an...

Responses of electromyogram (EMG) in soleus muscle and both afferent and efferent neurograms at the fifth lumbar (L(5)) segmental level of spinal cord were investigated during acute and chronic unloading induced by hindlimb suspension and/or tenotomy in adult rats. The soleus EMG and afferent neurogram decreased 88 and 37%, respectively, relative to those at quadrupedal posture on the floor aft...

The Cry proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are the most widely used biopesticides effective against a range of crop pests and disease vectors. Like chemical pesticides, development of resistance is the primary threat to the long-term efficacy of Bt toxins. Recently discovered cadherin-based Bt Cry synergists showed the potential to augment resistance management by improving effica...

Group I reflex functions, namely monosynaptic reflex transmission, facilitation of synergists, and direct and disynaptic inhibition, show early post-tetanic potentiation following conditioning with a brief, high frequency, tetanus. Of these reflex functions, monosynaptic transmission always shows low frequency depression. Direct inhibitory pathways, and therefore inhibitory junctions, are insen...

The interaction among the motor units of the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) and the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) muscles in man was studied during wrist extensions in which the two muscles acted as synergists. Intramuscular recordings were obtained using special quadrifilar needle electrodes. Isometric wrist extensions at 20-30% of the maximal effort were studied. The electromyographic (...

Curcuma longa has well-known insecticidal and repellent effects on insect pests, but its impact on Trichoplusia ni is unknown. In this study, the compound ar-turmerone, extracted and purified from C. longa rhizomes, was identified, and its insecticidal effects, along with turmeric powder, curcuminoid pigments and crude essential oil were evaluated against this important agricultural pest. The r...

The extraction of vanadium(V) with 2-methyl-8-quinolinol derivatives (HA), such as 2-methyl-8-quinolinol (HMQ), 2-methyl-5-butyloxymethyl-8-quinolinol (HMO4Q), and 2-methyl-5-hexyloxymethyl-8-quinolinol (HMO6Q), from a weakly acidic solution into chloroform was studied in both the absence and presence of 3,5-dichlorophenol (Hdcp) and trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) as the synergists. Vanadium(V)...