Much research in recent years has analyzed the ecosystem service aspect of forests, while highlighting the need for sustainable forests. Forest management mechanisms at an inter-institutional level in Japan have been identified to hinder the implementation of forest management that is focused on the equal production of ecosystem services. This study presents an institutional analysis of unsusta...

estimating the amount of variation due to spatial dependence at different scales provides a basis for designing effective experiments. accurate knowledge of spatial structures is needed to inform silvicultural guidelines and management decisions for long term sustainability of forests. furthermore, geostatistics is a useful tool to describe and draw map the spatial variability and estimation of...

Extraction and transportation of oil in the Sea are one of the pollution sources in the Seawater. Caspian Sea contains about 100000 million barrels of oil. It also contains over 35000 millions cubic meter of flue gas. Daily extractions of crude oil and gas and transportation of them are the main pollution sources of the Caspian Sea. Many truck to carry goods and oil tankers to carry oil from po...

Managing forests for multiple ecosystem services such as timber, carbon, and biodiversity requires information on ecosystem structure and management characteristics. National forest inventory data are increasingly being used to quantify ecosystem services, but they mostly provide timber management and overstory data, while data on understory shrub and herbaceous diversity are limited. We obtain...

Forests of Iran located on the Southern border of the Caspian Sea cover 1.9 million hectares. The Caspian forests are divided into four separate forestry areas. One of these being Guilan influx area with total area of 565000 hectares. About 30 to 40 percent of Guilan province forests are suitable to short rotation forestry for afforestation. Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) is one of the main exo...

Management of natural ecosystems, like forests, has several objectives such as wood production, sustainability of ecological systems, preserving aestheti,c and cultural or psychological satisfaction. This management is especially essential in dry regions with sensitive biodiversity, like Iran. The aim of this research is to elaborate a management scheme for developing a sustainable tourism plan...