Skin cover after below-knee amputation has been extensively discussed. We describe the flaps which are commonly used and discuss their vascular basis in the context of the current knowledge of the fasciocutaneous system. An understanding of this vascular system will enable surgeons to plan and shape flaps for surgical exposure and coverage.

Local flaps are the standard procedure to reconstruct facial defects. As it occurs in any surgical procedure, the incision should be planned so that scars are located in the minimum skin tension lines. We report two cases of O to Z flaps in the supra and infraciliary regions. One of them is a hatchet flap.

BACKGROUND Vaginal agenesis is the most common congenital deformity of female pelvis and vaginal reconstruction remains a surgical challenge. There are various surgical and non-surgical techniques described for the reconstruction of neovagina. We have used pudendal thigh flaps raised on either side of the labia to reconstruct the vagina in 19 patients. This study is carried out in the Departmen...

approximately 25% of all oral cavity carcinomas involve the lips, and the primary management of these lesions is complete surgical resection. loss of tissue in the lips after resection is treated with a variety of techniques, depending on the extension and location of the defect. here we review highly accepted techniques of lip reconstruction and some of new trials with significant clinical res...

BACKGROUND This article presents a real-time surgical simulator for teaching three- dimensional local flap concepts. Mass-spring based simulators are interactive, but they compromise accuracy and realism. Accurate finite element approaches have traditionally been too slow to permit development of a real-time simulator. METHODS A new computational formulation of the finite element method has b...

Facial artery musculomucosal flaps (FAMM) are frequently utilised to restore medium-sized abnormalities after surgical removal of oral malignancies. This case series provides an overview how patients chosen for FAMM flap surgery, the operative anatomy, procedure, and benefits in reconstruction.

Patients with burn scars often experience functional problems because of scar contractures. Surgical treatment may be indicated for those burn scar contractures. If the contractures are small and linear, the contraction bands can be treated with local transposition flaps like the Z-plasty. Broader, diffuse contractures are more challenging and require a different surgical approach, such as the ...

BACKGROUND Traditional gluteus maximus myocutaneous flaps have generally been used to fill tissue defects after resection of sacrococcygeal pressure ulcers. However, postoperative complications were gradually revealed as increasing operations were performed. This study aimed to introduce the innovative application of gluteus maximus fasciocutaneous V-Y advancement flaps for repairing tissue def...

Orthoplastic techniques are effective tools for limb salvage in the lower extremity. In order to apply proper successfully, a surgeon must be aware of all different types flaps available. Proper pre-operative evaluation and patient selection also important factors. The following review covers six papers that give surgeons strong foundation anatomical basis surgical technique intrinsic muscle ot...