Photoembossing is a cost-effective technique for the production of complex surface relief structures in a photopolymer film, achieved via contact-mask exposure to UVlight. Here, photoembossing is explored using interference holography with a CWlaser and a nanosecond pulsed laser. It is shown that identical surface relief structures are produced if the photopolymer film is kept in a fixed positi...

We present a novel information hiding process that couples geometrical modeling with automated 3D fabrication for creating hiddenappearance reliefs. Our relief surface produces a first grayscale appearance visible by simple direct illumination and a second grayscale appearance ensured to be visible when the relief is lit by a digital projector with a specifically designed pattern and from a par...

A model for designing and analyzing complicated surface relief diffractive elements in the resonance domain is developed. It is based on subdividing the complicated diffractive element into many highly efficient local diffraction gratings whose surface relief modulations can be effectively characterized as slanted volume gratings for which closed form analytic solutions exist. The model is illu...

Transmission gratings that combine a large diffraction angle with a high diffraction efficiency and a low angular and wavelength dispersion could be used to collect sunlight in a light guide. In this paper we compare the diffractive properties of polarization gratings and classical surface-relief gratings and explore their possible use in solar concentrators. It is found that polarization grati...

Micro-relief heterogeneity can lead to substantial variability in microclimate and hence niche opportunities on a small scale. We explored the relationship between plant species richness and small-scale heterogeneity of micro-relief on the subtropical island of La Palma, Canary Islands. Overall, we sampled 40 plots in laurel and pine forests at four altitudinal bands. Species richness was recor...

We present the result of a fragment-based energy decomposition analysis on some molecule-surface interactions. The analysis allows us to quantify the Pauli repulsion, its relief, and the attractive orbital interaction energy. In a metal, the existence of incompletely occupied energy bands causes significant relief of the Pauli repulsion due to escape of antibonding electrons to unoccupied state...

We investigate the polarization properties of holographic gratings in side-chain azobenzene polyesters in which an anisotropic grating that is due to photoinduced linear and circular birefringence is recorded in the volume of the material and a relief grating appears on the surface. A theoretical model is proposed to explain the experimental results, making it possible to understand the influen...

Since antiquity, artisans have created attened forms, often called \bas-reliefs," which give an exaggerated perception of depth when viewed from a particular vantage point. This paper presents an explanation of this phenomena, showing that the ambiguity in determining the relief of an object is not con ned to bas-relief sculpture but is implicit in the determination of the structure of any obje...

A surface processes model incorporating large-scale fluvial processes, local hill-slope processes, and glacial erosion is used to investigate the effect of glaciation on the relief of a fast-growing, narrow orogen. The results of several simulations show that: glaciers concentrate erosion near peaks; fluvial erosion is reduced downstream of glaciers; glaciers with frozen bases can lead to an in...

We consider the combined completion of 3D surface relief and colour for the hidden and missing portions of objects captured with 2 1 2 D (or 3D) capture techniques. Through an extension of nonparametric texture synthesis to facilitate the completion of localised 3D surface structure (relief) over an underlying geometric surface completion we achieve realistic, plausible completion and extension...