titanium dioxide nanocrystals were synthesized by sol-gel method at room temperature. titanium isoprophoxide and absolute ethanol were used as precursors to prepare the sol. the ph of the solution was adjusted by adding nitric acid and sodium hydroxide solution. the prepared tio2 nanocrystals were annealed at 325°c, 425°c and 525°c respectively. the effect of ph on the surface morphology and st...

In an interferometer which uses a reference surface, the measured surface heights correspond to the difference between the test and reference surfaces. To accurately determine the rms roughness of supersmooth surfaces, the effects of the reference surface roughness need to be removed. One technique for doing this involves averaging a number of uncorrelated measurements of a mirror to generate a...

There have been numerous reports over the past fifty years of survival of organisms at very low temperatures. Many of these results have been summarized by Luyet and Gehenio.2 Among the metazoa, survival at low temperatures has been reported for nematodes, rotifers, tardigrades and artemia eggs.' Two general results seem to emerge from these cryobiology experiments: (1) If a living system can s...