We conducted preference assessments with 4 typically developing children to identify potential reinforcers and assessed the reinforcing efficacy of those stimuli. Next, we tested two predictions of economic theory: that overall consumption (reinforcers obtained) would decrease as the unit price (response requirement per reinforcer) increased and that the cost and benefit components that defined...

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Six hens pecked a key (Experiment 1) or pushed a door (Experiment 2) to obtain food reinforcement. In both experiments and as an analogue of price changes, the response requirements were varied in two ways: by increasing the number of responses required and by increasing the required force of each response. The two price manipulations (response number and response force) had different effects o...

Using survey data and an equilibrium displacement model, we estimate the market and economic impacts of the American Forest and Paper Association’s Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) on stumpage markets in the US South. We examine four timber product markets: softwood pulpwood, softwood sawtimber, hardwood pulpwood, and hardwood sawtimber. In each market we calculate changes in producer and ...

Four approaches were used to estimate the market effects of wood chip mills for nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners. First, we used economic welfare analyses to estimate potential changes in consumer and producer surplus that might be attributed to increased stumpage demand created by wood chip mills. Better markets would consistently increase economic returns for both timber buyers ...

In the last 20 years, U.S.-Canada trade in forest products has received a great deal of attention on both sides of the border, as well as in international organizations such as the World Trade Organization. A dispute regarding softwood lumber imported from Canada to the United States, a $7 billion business in 1999, has been the most controversial. People involved in the dispute have described i...

This paper examines the competitiveness of winner-take-all price competition in homogeneous product oligopoly environments where underlying buyer demands and/or firms’ costs need not be continuous. Our analysis is motivated by the observation that a variety of economic settings have these features. For example, in 1996 an Ivy League university solicited bids from several vendors for its initiat...