The article focuses on the hypothesis that the structural complexity of languages is variable and historically changeable. By means of a quantitative statistical analysis of naturalistic corpus data, the question is raised as to what role language contact and adult second language acquisition play in the simplification and complexification of language varieties. The results confirm that there i...

Culture is traditionally measured in international management research using indices of cultural values. We develop a new linguistic-based measure of cultural similarity which is more representative and more widely available than values surveys, and use a structural equation model to show how it is related to three of Hofstede’s four cultural dimensions.

The transmission of linguistic change within a speech community is characterized by incrementation within a faithfully reproduced pattern characteristic of the family tree model, while diffusion across communities shows weakening of the original pattern and a loss of structural features. It is proposed that this is the result of the difference between the learning abilities of children and adul...

Abstract. D-LTAG is a discourse-level extension of Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining Grammar (LTAG), in which discourse syntax is projected by different types of discourse connectives and discourse interpretation is a product of compositional rules, anaphora resolution, and inference. In this paper, we present a D-LTAG extension of ongoing work on an LTAG syntaxsemantic interface. First, we show how p...

Applied linguistics and educational are part of linguistics. Someone who is interested in studying this science must be able to distinguish it have a deep perspective. The purpose literature review investigate the differences, similarities, scope, relationships between these two disciplines. This discussion based on secondary sources focuses applied linguistics, course, as topics discussion. st...

Natural languages1 are among Nature’s most extraordinary phenomena. While humans acquire language naturally and use it with great ease, the formalization of language, which is the focus of research in linguistics, remains evasive. As in other sciences, attempts at formalization involve idealization: ignoring exceptions, defining fragments, and the like. In the second half of the twentieth centu...

The objective of this research is to establish a connection between Arabic theoretical linguistics and modern linguistics, taking different approach from the common assumption that later theories are solely attributed Arab grammarians rhetoricians. To achieve this, study will examine linguistic achievements perspective highlight commonalities differences past present theories. Additionally, del...

the principle theoretical basis of this article is the concept of 'city text' and the textuality standards. the article explores city as a text and takes the textuality standards into consideration for analyzing the city. text is one of the main elements that play a significant role in communication. people communicating by language do not do so simply by means of individual words or ...

In this study, we attempt to bring to light various organisational and implementational clashes relevant to the conceptualisation of language policies at national level, and the planning of local practices with regard to degree programmes, language journals and conferences in Iranian higher education. We also prove that in its current status, the ELT syllabus in Iran, both at national and local...