Many of the pious bequest policies (Vaghf) !supportFootnotes]-->[1] at present time are denominated by old or ancient coins, the present value of which is not well known. Therefore, fixing the annual custodian fee for Vaghf is quite difficult. Moreover, the difficulty of evaluation of the present value of the dowry the husband has to pay to the bride after the marriage (Mahr) !supportFootno...

This paper presents a new stray capacitance compensation method for non stray immune capacitance measurement circuits. The proposed stray capacitance compensation method allows ECT systems to use all known capacitance measurement methods. Based on this method compact size ECT hardware can be built and can work powered by battery because of small power consumption. The investigation and experime...

We discuss the problem of maximizing the number of coins, for which, using just n weighings, one can tell whether all of them are of the same weight or not, under condition that the weights of the coins are generic. The first purpose of the paper is to show the connection between this problem and a problem in lattice geometry. Using this approach, we are able to establish an upper bound on the ...

always on kingdom history of the world a king without a crown is unconceivable. the persian kings were not exception of this rule. iranian ancient kings crown as one of the aspects of the monarchy and power, the image of king while makes he distinguishes from other persons is visible in various artistic works. one of the important artistic works that image of iran’s kings with their power symbo...

We develop a model of commodity money and use it to analyze the following two questions motivated by issues in monetary history: What are the conditions under which Gresham's Law holds? And, what are the mechanics of a debasement (lowering the metallic content of coins)? The model contains light and heavy coins, imperfect information, and prices determined via bilateral bargaining. There are eq...

OBJECTIVE To examine the relation between coins ingested by children and the Dow Jones Industrial Average. DESIGN Observational study. Main outcome measures Total value of coins ingested and number of incidents of coins versus other objects swallowed, measured before and after the stock market crash of October 2008. RESULTS Eighteen objects, including 11 coins, were ingested (NASDAQ (numism...

It seems fitting that, at a seminar organized to celebrate the 100 th anniversary of the Numismatic Society of India, I present a paper that offers a solution to a problem even older than the Society. In 1905, E. J. Rapson had published a small group of five coins which he identified as „Coins with reverse type “Svastika.”‟ 2 The coins were unified by the presence on their reverses of a central...

In this study we report the underlying reasons to why bacteria are present on banknotes and coins. Despite the use of credit cards, mobile phone apps, near-field-communication systems, and cryptocurrencies such as bitcoins which are replacing the use of hard currencies, cash exchanges still make up a significant means of exchange for a wide range of purchases. The literature is awash with data ...