This study was conducted to find out the best outside points of skull to reach different areas of brain thatare essential for neuroendocrinological studies. In this research 30 heads of Iranian native male goats agedbetween 2-3-year-old were collected from Shahrekord abattoir. After collecting whole heads, they were fixedin 10% formalin and then many holes were made on the dorsal surface of sku...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects regions of the brain that control cognition, memory, language, speech and awareness to one’s physical surroundings. The pathological initiation and progression of AD is highly complex and its prevalence is on the rise. In his study, Alzheimer's disease was induced with single injection of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides (...

Spatial encoding in MR techniques is achieved by sampling the signal as a function of time in the presence of a magnetic field gradient. The gradients are assumed to generate a linear magnetic field gradient, and typical image reconstruction relies upon this approximation. However, high-speed gradients in the current generation of MRI scanners often sacrifice linearity for improvements in speed...

Surgeons in general and neurosurgeons in particular are extremely dependent on their sense of vision. After the advances in antiseptic and anesthetic technique, which were critical to the establishment of surgery as a field in medicine, most recent advances in the field of neurosurgery have arisen from improvements in the surgeon¡¦s ability to see the relationship between normal and abnormal an...

This contribution introduces a computerand robotassisted framework for stereotactic neurosurgery on small animals. Two major elements of this framework are presented in detail: a robotic stereotactic assistant and the software framework for placement of probes into the brain. The latter integrates modules for registration, insertion control, and preoperative path planning. Two options for path ...

Functional stereotaxy was introduced in the late 1940s to reduce the morbidity of lobotomy in psychiatric disease by using more focal lesions. The advent of neuroleptics led to a drastic decline in psychosurgery for several decades. Functional stereotactic neurosurgery has recently been revitalized, starting with treatment of Parkinson's disease, in which deep brain stimulation (DBS) facilitate...