Many studies of causal judgments have dealt with the relation between the presence and the absence of a cause and an effect. However, little is known about causal learning with a continuous outcome. The present study adopted Cohen’s d as an objective standard for effect size in situations where a binary cause influenced a continuous effect and investigated how people use means and standard devi...

Uncertainty of measurement comprises, in general, many components. Some of these components may be evaluated from the statistical distribution of the results of a series of measurements and can be characterized by experimental standard deviations. The other components, which also can be characterized by standard deviations, are evaluated from assumed probability distributions based on experienc...

We present a new value for the neutron lifetime of 878.5 ± 0.7stat. ± 0.3syst. This result differs from the world average value by 6.5 standard deviations and by 5.6 standard deviations from the previous most precise result. However, this new value for the neutron lifetime together with a β-asymmetry in neutron decay, A 0, of -0.1189(7) is in a good agreement with the Standard Model.

mean ( CV = σ μ ) . To gain a feel for how means impact the meanings of standard deviations, imagine that there are two classes and that the standard deviation of the final exam is 5 points in both of them but that the mean is 25 in Class 1 and 75 in Class 2. It follows that the coefficient of variation is 0.200 in Class 1 whereas it is 0.067 in Class 2. Thus, relative to the mean the standard ...

The use of radio-opaque markers and abdominal X-ray is the standard method for determining colonic transit time (CTT). However, when there are deviations in the intake of these markers by participants in clinical trials it is desirable to improve observations by introducing corrections, where possible. To date, there is no standard procedure to adjust for such deviations. This report proposes a...

Protocol standardizations are important for consistent and safe practices. However, complex clinical environments are highly dynamic in nature and often require clinicians, confronted with non-standard situations, to adjust and deviate from standard protocol. Some of these deviations are errors which can result in harmful outcomes. On the other hand, some of the deviations can be innovations, w...

Standard control charts are constructed under the assumption that the observations taken from the process of interest are independent over time; however, in practice the observations in many cases are actually correlated. This paper considers the problem of monitoring a process in which the observations can be represented as a first-order autoregressive model following a heavy tailed distributi...