Carbohydrate recognition is essential in cellular interactions and biological processes. It is characterized by structural diversity, multivalency and cooperative effects. To evaluate carbohydrate interaction and recognition, the structurally defined attachment of sugar units to a rigid template is highly desired. β-Peptide helices offer conformationally stable templates for the linear presenta...

To define the optimal blood collection parameters for plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral load testing, plasma HIV-1 RNA levels were quantitated with the NASBA HIV-1 RNA QT System from blood specimens that were collected, processed, and stored under a variety of conditions that might have affected HIV-1 RNA stability. We determined that when whole blood was processed within...

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to estimate the effects of risk factors on elective and emergency caesarean section (CS) and to estimate the between-hospital variation of risk-adjusted CS proportions. DESIGN Historical registry-based cohort study. SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS The study was based on all singleton deliveries in hospital units in Denmark from January 2009 to December 2012. A...

Using transmittance electron microscopy, fluorescence and polarizing optical microscopy, optical spectroscopy, and fluorescent correlation spectroscopy, it was shown that CdSe/ZnS quantum dots coated with a specifically designed surfactant were readily dispersed in nematic liquid crystal (LC) to form stable colloids. The mixture of an alkyl phosphonate and a dendritic surfactant, where the cons...

Melem tetramer, the newly synthesized carbon nitride compound is composed of oligomers with four melem units, stable in air, and has improved optical properties compared to melon.

We study the impact of internal decision-making structures on the stability of collusive agreements. To this end, we use a three-firm spatial competition model where two firms belong to the same holding company. The holding company can decide to set prices itself or to delegate this decision to its local units. If collusion breaks down, the holding company may relocate its two local units. It t...

Serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine-dependent plateau potentials are found in spinal motoneurons in reduced turtle and cat preparations. Triggering the plateau potential by short-lasting synaptic excitation causes a prolonged self-sustained firing, which can be terminated by short-lasting synaptic inhibition. The presence of plateau potentials can also allow neurons to fire in a bistable manner...

The parametrized dynamics of a standard nonlinear model neuron with self-interaction is discussed. For units with a self-excitatory connection a hysteresis effect is observed, and the underlying mechanism is identified as that of a cusp catastrophe. This is true for discrete as well as for continuous dynamics. For the discrete dynamics of self-inhibiting units there appear period-doubling bifur...

Any adjunction produces an epireflection in a canonical way, provided there exists a prefactorization system which factorizes all of its unit morphisms through epimorphisms. The stable units property, for the so obtained epireflections, is thereafter equivalently restated in such a manner it is easily recognizable in the examples. Furthermore, having stable units, there is a strong but quite si...

introduction: increasing costs of health and treatment services has led health economics specialists and even physicians in all countries to seek new methods for controlling and reducing costs in medical and health services. the present study was aimed to estimate the costs of a cardiac care unit (ccu) in a governmental hospital in iran. methods: in order to determine the end cost, a stepwise p...