UNLABELLED One unique feature of malaria parasites is the differential transcription of structurally distinct rRNA (rRNA) genes at different developmental stages: the A-type genes are transcribed mainly in asexual stages, whereas the S-type genes are expressed mostly in sexual or mosquito stages. Conclusive functional evidence of different rRNAs in regulating stage-specific parasite development...

Paradinium and Paradinium-like parasites were detected in various copepod hosts collected in the NW Mediterranean Sea, the North Atlantic Ocean, and the Godthåbsfjord (Greenland). The identity and systematic position of the parasitic, plasmodial protist Paradinium was investigated on the basis of SSU rDNA and morphology. SSU rDNA sequences were obtained from 3 specimens of Paradinium poucheti i...

Methanogenic bioreactor communities were used as model ecosystems to evaluate the relationship between functional stability and community structure. Replicated methanogenic bioreactor communities with two different community structures were established. The effect of a substrate loading shock on population dynamics in each microbial community was examined by using morphological analysis, small-...

Numerous investigations applying the cloning and sequencing of rRNA genes (rDNAs) to the study of marine bacterioplankton diversity have shown that the sequences of genes cloned directly from environmental DNA do not correspond to the genes of cultured marine taxa. These results have been interpreted as support for the hypothesis that the most abundant heterotrophic marine bacterioplankton spec...

An assessment of 10 tetrameric restriction enzymes (TREs) was conducted by using a computer-simulated restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for over 100 proximally and distally related bacterial small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequences. Screening SSU rDNA clone libraries with TREs has become an effective strategy because of logistic simplicity, commercial availability, and eco...

Satellite-based layer average stratospheric temperature (T) climate data records (CDRs) now span more than three decades and so can elucidate climate variability associated with processes on multiple time scales. We intercompare and analyze available published T CDRs covering at least two decades, with a focus on Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) and Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) CDRs. Recent r...

We motivate and define $$\Phi $$ -energy density, -energy, -harmonic maps stable maps. Whereas harmonic or p-harmonic can be viewed as critical points of the integral first symmetric function $$\sigma _1$$ a pull-back tensor, second _2$$ tensor. By an extrinsic average variational method in calculus variations [cf. Howard Wei (Trans Am Math Soc 294:319–331, 1986), Yau (J Geom Anal 4(2):247–272,...

1 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes are the consensus marker for determination of microbial diversity on 2 the planet, invaluable in studies of evolution and, for the past decade, high-throughput sequencing 3 of variable regions of ribosomal RNA genes has become the backbone of most microbial ecology 4 studies. However, the underlying reference databases of full-length rRNA gene sequences are 5 underp...