Conifers include long-lived evergreen trees of great economic and ecological importance, including pines and spruces. During their long lives conifers must respond to seasonal environmental changes, adapt to unpredictable environmental stresses, and co-ordinate their adaptive adjustments with internal developmental programmes. To gain insights into these responses, we examined metabolite and tr...

Spruce trunk tapering corresponds closely to required resist bending forces caused by wind and gravity. Understanding why trunks (tree stems) are the size that they is important. However, this understanding fragmented into isolated schools of thought has been far from complete. Realistic calculations on minimum diameters needed moments gravity would be a significant step forward. advancements u...

The aim of this work was to investigate whether the use individual tree components (i.e., stem wood, bark, branches, and needles spruces) as feedstocks during oxygen blow gasification is more efficient than using mixtures these components. Experiments were performed at three levels in an 18-kW blown fixed bed gasifier with both single mixed component feedstocks. composition resulting syngas col...

Hybridization between red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), lateand early-successional species, respectively, has resulted in identification and management problems. We investigated the nature and magnitude of reproductive and life-cycle success barriers in controlled intraand inter-specific crosses of red and black spruce. We quantified a number of repro...

This paper reviews aspects of the functional ecology of naturally established tree seedlings in the boreal forests of North America with an emphasis on the relationship between light availability and the growth and survival of shade tolerant conifers up to pole size. Shade tolerant conifer species such as firs and spruces tend to have a lower specific leaf mass, photosynthetic rate at saturatio...

Uprooting, as a mechanical pre-commercial thinning operation (PCT), removes competitive, undesired trees with roots to prevent or reduce the need for second PCT. The state of 66 young Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) stands was explored 3–5 years after uprooting assess quality in terms number competing birches (Betula spp.) and probability freely growing crop tree (no taller than 2/3 ...

Bosten Lake Basin not only is a major source of drinking water for the residents surrounding area, but also maintains ecological balance region. However, with influence climate change and human activities, level fluctuates sharply has great impact on environment. Therefore, study its historical flow changes as reference become focus research. In this study, radial growth Schrenk spruces (Picea ...

Abstract We analyzed growth trajectories recorded in the tree-ring series of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. and silver fir Abies alba Mill. co-occuring with European beech Fagus sylvatica L. old-growth forests driven by natural stand dynamics. The study sites were localized five stands Western Carpathians (Central Europe). characterized life histories 218 individual trees using 25 met...

The estimation of species composition and species-specific stem volumes are critical components many forest inventories. use airborne laser scanning with multiple spectral channels may prove instrumental for the cost-efficient retrieval these variables. In this study, we scanned a boreal using two channels: 532 nm (green) 1064 (near infrared). data was used in two-step methodology to (1) classi...