Rate effects are examined in the steady pore pressure distribution induced as a result of penetration of standard and ball penetrometers. The incompressible flow field, which develops around the penetrometer is used to define the approximate soil velocity field local to the penetrometer tip. This prescribes the Lagrangian framework for the migration of the fluid saturated porous medium, definin...

Cidofovir is a new class of antiviral agent with potent in vitro and in vivo activity against a broad spectrum of herpes viruses. The aim of this work was to obtain a prolonged therapeutic effect of cidofovir in the basal epidermis after its topical application. For this purpose, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation and spray-drying methods. Micr...

This work describes the development of spray dried polymer coated liposomes composed of soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC) and phospholipid dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) coated with alginate, chitosan or trimethyl chitosan (TMC), that are able to penetrate through the nasal mucosa and offer enhanced penetration over uncoated liposomes when delivered as a dry powder. All the liposome formul...

This paper describes a comparative evaluation of two fuzzy-derived techniques for modelling fuel spray penetration in the cylinders of a diesel internal combustion engine. The first model is implemented using conventional fuzzy-based paradigm, where human expertise and operator knowledge were used to select the parameters for the system. The second model used an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference s...

This paper presents an investigation to reveal the cycle-to-cycle variations of pulsing spray characteristics of Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection (SIDI) fuel injectors. The objective is to quantify the spray’s cycle-to-cycle variation such that further insight of the operating principles in the fuel injection system could be developed to enhance the combustion efficiency and reduce emissions of ...

Sonic spray ionization is shown to create a supersonic cloud of charged droplets able to promote efficient desorption and ionization of drugs directly from the surfaces of commercial drug tablets at ambient conditions. Compared with desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), desorption sonic spray ionization (DeSSI) is advantageous since it uses neither heating nor high voltages at the spray ca...

The authors performed a cadaveric study to evaluate the efficacy of multiple fluoroscopic projections in detecting intra-articular penetration of the screws during femoral neck fracture fixation and also to determine the most suitable radiographic projection. Models of intra-articular penetration in 8 normal proximal femur specimens were created by placing the pins in different quadrants of the...

There are many ways to reduce diesel engine exhaust emissions. However, NOx emission is difficult to reduce because the hydrocarbon (HC) concentration in a diesel engine is not sufficient for NOx conversion. Therefore, in order to create stoichiometric conditions in the De-NOx catalyst, a secondary injection system is designed to inject liquid HC into the exhaust pipe. The atomization and distr...

We developed a modified paper spray ionization (PSI) platform, named as paper cone spray ionization (PCSI), for direct mass spectrometric analysis of raw solid samples. The major modification from conventional PSI was the geometry of the paper base: PCSI uses a triangular-pyramidal-shaped paper tip instead of a planar triangular-shaped one. This three-dimensional paper cone serves as a sample c...

Y-junction carbon nanocoils (Y-CNCs) were synthesized by thermal chemical vapor deposition using Ni catalyst prepared by spray-coating method. According to the emerging morphologies of Y-CNCs, several growth models were advanced to elucidate their formation mechanisms. Regarding the Y-CNCs without metal catalyst in the Y-junctions, fusing of contiguous CNCs and a tip-growth mechanism are consid...