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This paper describes how tangential impact velocities can be incorporated into wellknown impact theories in deep and shallow water. Taking the deep and shallow flows in turn, it is shown how to link the normal impact Wagner and Korobkin theories to the tangential impact theories of planing and skimming respectively. An instability is revealed that limits the configurations that can be analysed ...

Performance and emission characteristics of compression ignition engines depend strongly on inner nozzle flow and spray behavior. These processes control the fuel air mixing, which in turn is critical for the combustion process. The differences in the physical properties of petrodiesel and biodiesel are expected to significantly alter the inner nozzle flow and spray structure and, thus, the per...

The formation mechanism of a spray-coated film is different from that of a spin-coated film. This study employs grazing incidence small- and wide-angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS and GIWAXS, respectively) quantitatively and systematically to investigate the hierarchical structure and phase-separated behavior of a spray-deposited blend film. The formation of PCBM clusters involves mutual interacti...

This paper presents an investigation to reveal the cycle-to-cycle variations of pulsing spray characteristics of Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection (SIDI) fuel injectors. The objective is to quantify the spray’s cycle-to-cycle variation such that further insight of the operating principles in the fuel injection system could be developed to enhance the combustion efficiency and reduce emissions of ...

A combination of high pressure injection and small orifices will be one of strategies to achieve the lean combustion. But the small orifice tends to increase soot under high load conditions because of short spray tip penetration. For this reason, a cluster concept was proposed in this study. The difference of the cluster nozzle is that the cluster has several groups of orifices; each group cons...

Dispersion of spray droplets and the modulation of turbulence in the ambient gas by the dispersing droplets are two coupled phenomena that are closely linked to the evolution of global spray characteristics, such as the spreading rate of the spray and the spray cone angle. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of turbulent gas flows laden with sub-Kolmogorov size particles, in the absence of gravi...

A widely distributed spray is an important feature for atomizer which required in various applications such as gas cooling, turbine combustion, and fluidized bed granulator. Pressure-swirl example of provides a wide angle through the swirling effect inside atomizer. One parameters affecting geometrical constant, K. Another parameter pressure-swirl discharge coefficient, Cd. Discharge coefficien...

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and AgNP-based composite materials have attracted growing interest due to their structure-dependent optical, electrical, catalytic, stimuli-responsive properties. For practical applications, polymeric are often combined with AgNPs provide flexibility offer a scaffold for homogenous distribution of the AgNPs. However, control over assembly process on substrates remai...