In recent years many banks have withdrawn from the FRS, and the primary reason given is that they must hold a larger share of their assets in non-earning form as members than if they were nonmembers.1 The FRS has proposed to reduce member bank reserve requirements as a means of making membership more attractive. State bank regulators, however, might wish to counter this action in order to keep ...

In power systems that are restructured on the basis of system reliability or the costs, various methods can be employed for allocating the spinning reserve to various generating units. This paper firstly describes two methods for allocation of reserve power: (1) a cost-based method; (2) a reliability-based method. Secondly, presents a combined method that simultaneously considers both reliabili...

This paper solves reliability constrained unit commitment problem (UCP) for a composite power system network using network equivalent technique. Here, the integration of generation and transmission system reliability forms a composite power system model. The inclusion of load forecast uncertainty for the solution of unit commitment problem will give more accurate assessment of spinning reserve ...

The monetary base typically is defined as a measure of the money-supply "impulse" originating from the stock of high-powered, central-bank money. In addition to nonbanks' demand for hand-to-hand currency, banks have demanded base money in the United States since 1913 to satisfy two needs. One is a reserve need, to fulfill a Federal Reserve regulatory requirement. The other is an operational nee...

Many countries have either eliminated or considerably reduced reserve requirements during the last decade. This paper derives the optimal reserve requirements of a simple economy with production and ®nancial intermediation subject to costly state veri®cation, and shows that one motivation for the widely observed reduction in the level of mandatory reserves is linked to the process of ®nancial m...

Due to uncertain nature of wind and photovoltaic power units, the participation of this units in electricity markets is subjected to significant deviation penalties. This issue leads to despondency or even admission of these units in the competitive environment. With regard to this fact that the low deviations are available when predictions are performed in a short-term horizon and also distrib...

High-resolution NMR of samples in the solid state is typically performed under mechanical sample spinning around an axis that makes an angle, called the magic angle, of 54.7 degrees with the static magnetic field. There are many cases in which geometrical and engineering constraints prevent spinning at this specific angle. Implementations of in-situ and ex-situ magic angle field spinning might ...

In the restructured power systems, renewable energy sources (RES) have been developed. Uncertainties of these generators reduce reliability and stability systems. The frequency voltage for correct operation systems must always be maintained within a nominal value. Ancillary services (AS), storage (ESS), demand response programs (DRPs) can effective solutions mentioned problems. Microgrids (MG) ...