Solar energy, as a clean and renewable resource is becoming increasingly important in the global context of climate change and energy crisis. Utilization of solar energy in urban areas is of great importance in urban energy planning, environmental conservation, and sustainable development. However, available spaces for solar panel installation in cities are quite limited except for building roo...

solar flare events of high importance were utilised to study solar latitudinal frequency distribution of the solar flares in northern and southern hemisphere for the solar cycle 22 to recent solar cycle 23. a statistical analysis was performed to obtain their relationship with sudden storm commencement (sscs) and forbush decrease events (fd) of cosmic ray intensity. an 11-year cyclic variation ...

The acceleration of electrons and charged nuclei to high energies is a phenomenon occuring at many astrophysical sites throughout the universe. In the heliosphere, processes in the solar corona associated with flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are the most energetic natural particle accelerators, sometimes accelerating electrons and ions to relativistic energies. The observation of these...

The penetration of solar erythemal ultraviolet radiation has been measured in the shade of a gum (Eucalyptus sp.) and a she oak (Casaurina) tree, both on a horizontal plane and with polysulphone dosimeters to human anatomical sites. This has provided new data useful for protection strategies against harmful ultraviolet radiation. For larger solar zenith angles, the relative penetration of solar...

Web archives preserve the history of digital information on the Internet. They are a great asset for media and business analysts and also for experts on intellectual property (e.g, patent offices, IP lawyers) and Internet legislators (e.g. consumer services) to prove or disprove certain allegations. To fulfill this purpose, archives should not only periodically crawl a Web site’s pages but shou...

Crop models are ideally suited to quantify existing climatic risks. However, they require historic climate data as input. While daily temperature and rainfall data are often available, the lack of observed solar radiation (Rs) data severely limits sitespecific crop modelling. The objective of this study was to estimate Rs based on air temperature solar radiation models and to quantify the propa...

Many workers perform their daily activities outdoors and many anatomical body sites are exposed to UV radiation. The effects of solar radiation on human health depend on the amount and type of radiation impinging on the body. This paper aims to investigate and analyse the diurnal UV radiation exposure at typical anatomical site for farm workers. The diurnal distribution in solar UV exposure at ...

When wind or solar energy displace conventional generation, the reduction in emissions varies dramatically across the United States. Although the Southwest has the greatest solar resource, a solar panel in New Jersey displaces significantly more sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter than a panel in Arizona, resulting in 15 times more health and environmental benefits. A wind t...

The antennas of EISCAT have been used for interplanetary scintillation (IPS) studies of the solar wind for many years. The main science found from these studies is obtained through the cross-correlation of signals from antennas having the longest baseline, providing more accurate information on the different solar wind streams which may be present in the line of sight. The development of dualfr...