In the spirit of the symposium and the theme of the session of this presentation, 7 “Our solar system after Galileo, the grand vision,” I review briefly a relatively recently discovered 8 phenomenon in the solar system − existence of atmospheres on certain moons, including Io, one 9 of the four moons Galileo discovered four centuries ago. The origin of such atmospheres is 10 discussed, and comp...

The Ni i 676.8 nm line is used by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Michelson Doppler Imager to measure the magnetic field and velocity field in the solar atmosphere. We make non-LTE calculations of this line in an atmosphere that is bombarded by an energetic electron beam. This case is associated with the occurrence of solar flares. The electron beam produces nonthermal ionization and exc...

We present observations of the lunar sodium atmosphere during four lunar eclipses between 1993 and 1997. With the Moon inside the magnetosphere, and therefore shielded from solar wind impact, we find its Na atmosphere to be comparable in abundance to cases near first and third quarter, implying that solar wind ion sputtering is not a significant source of the atmosphere. The atmosphere is azimu...

Xenon (Xe) is an exceptional tracer for investigating the origin and fate of volatile elements on Earth. The initial isotopic composition of atmospheric Xe remains unknown, as do the mechanisms involved in its depletion and isotopic fractionation compared with other reservoirs in the solar system. Here we present high precision analyses of noble gases trapped in fluid inclusions of Archean quar...

Line-by-line calculations in the spectral region 2 000–20 000 cm (0.5–5 μm) were made to assess the impact of a variety of water vapor spectral databases on the accuracy of solar flux calculation in the atmosphere. The CKD1 and CKD2.4 continuum models were also compared. The maximum disagreement in the calculated solar surface flux due to all the investigated factors can reach 5.9 W/m for midla...

The origin of the terrestrial atmosphere is one of the most puzzling enigmas in the planetary sciences. It is suggested here that two sources contributed to its formation, fractionated nebular gases and accreted cometary volatiles. During terrestrial growth, a transient gas envelope was fractionated from nebular composition. This transient atmosphere was mixed with cometary material. The fracti...

A brief review of solar modulation on galactic cosmic rays in the earth’s atmosphere is presented. The results of the characterizations of the major two events i.e. Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs)(measured in counts) and Galactic Solar rays(GSRs) (measured in counts) against time (measured in hour) shows significant variations. It was also observed that the variations of the events are slightly out...

Magnetohydrodynamic waves interact with structured plasmas and reveal the internal magnetic and thermal structures therein, thereby having seismological applications in the solar atmosphere. We investigate the evolution of fast magnetoacoustic pulses in randomly structured plasmas, in the context of large-scale propagating waves in the solar atmosphere. We perform one dimensional numerical simu...