Three different schemes of topography-based runoff production [versatile integrator of surface atmospheric processes (VISA)-TOP1, VISA-TOP2, and VISA-TOP3] are described for a land-surface model (LSM) developed for use with a general circulation model (GCM). The schemes’ sensitivities to some key parameters are assessed for two catchments using data sets developed for the Project for Intercompa...

2) Section 1, line 84: “in the study the relationship of the temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture is determined by establishing its controlling factors . . .” The sentence is revised as “in this study the relationship between variation of soil moisture and its controlling factors (e.g. topography and precipitation) is established.” That mean the modified wetness index. Line 110: “. ....

As one of soil dynamics properties, soil moisture content is an important factor of soil fertility which counts for much to crop growth situation and scientific irrigation management. A design plan of regional spatial variation of soil moisture measurement was introduced. Its main job includes the use of differential GPS technology for each sampling points in farmland, collecting data of high-p...

Preparation of landslide susceptibility maps is important for engineering geologists and geomorphologists. However, due to complex nature of landslides, producing a reliable susceptibility map is not easy. In this paper, the weights-of-evidence model (a Bayesian probability model) was applied to the task of evaluating landslide susceptibility using GIS. Using landslide location and a spatial da...

Soil properties can vary spatially at a paddock to farm scale due to differences in topography, parent material, vegetation or land management. The objective of this study was to quantify the spatial variability of available nutrients and organic matter within a 10.4 ha paddock (predominantly Templeton silt loam; flat topography) at Lincoln that had a long-term history of arable cropping. Sampl...

Accurate mapping of total soil C on the field scale is essential for evaluating efforts to sequester soil C and for providing individual producers with information on C sequestration potentials of their fields. Data on easily measured secondary variables that are strongly related to soil C are believed to be helpful in improving mapping accuracy. The objective of this study was to assess improv...

In this paper, we model the reflectance of the lunar regolith by a new method combining Monte Carlo ray tracing and Hapke's model. The existing modeling methods exploit either a radiative transfer model or a geometric optical model. However, the measured data from an Interference Imaging spectrometer (IIM) on an orbiter were affected not only by the composition of minerals but also by the envir...