Millions of people worldwide enjoy swimming pool activities every year. Traditionally, chlorine-containing chemicals have been used as the sanitizing agent. Some chlorine containing chemicals used include chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, lithium hypochlorite, and chlorinated isocyanurates. These chemicals enter the pool as a concentrated solution, or in the form of hypoc...

Introduction: Low-energy helium-neon (He-Ne) laser beam lightis used in combination with sodium hypochlorite (Na2HOCl3) for clinical purposes. Regarding this, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) and sodium hypochlorite on the calf thymus double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ctdsDNA) molecule.  Materials and Methods: For the purpose of the study, ctdsDNA...

Introduction As the root canal system considered to be complex and unpredictable, using root canal irrigants and medicaments are essential in order to enhance the disinfection of the canal. Sodium hypochlorite is the most common irrigant in endodontics. Despite its excellent antimicrobial activity and tissue solubility, sodium hypochlorite lacks some important properties such as substantivity a...

The objective was to compare the role of needles design (open ended versus closed ended) on the apical extrusion of sodium hypochlorite irrigant during root canal treatment. This was an in vitro study performed at the Department of Operative Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro from March 2011 to October 2011. Access cavities were prepared in one hundred extracte...

Background: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) exhibits several properties of an ideal root-end filling. It, however, has certain disadvantages such as long setting time, difficult handling characteristics, and limited antimicrobial activity. In order to improve its properties, several commonly used reagents have been used instead of sterile water. Hence the objective of this study was to evaluat...

TEMPO-mediated oxidation has been reported to effectively convert C6 primary hydroxyl groups to carboxyl groups for better water-solubility. However, the pH decreases continuously during the oxidation process, and it is therefore difficult to maintain the stability of the reaction. The control of pH at a constant level throughout the oxidation process is a complicated task. The applicability of...

This study investigated the effects of disinfection of agar-alginate combined impressions on the surface properties of the resulting stone casts. Two brands of cartridge-form agar impression material and one alginate impression material were used. Agar-alginate combined impressions of smooth glass plates were prepared. The impressions were immersed in 0.55% ortho-phthalaldehyde solution or 0.5%...

background: addition of disinfectant to irreversible hydrocolloid impression materials can eliminate the disinfection step to avoid dimensional changes associated with it. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of various disinfectant mixing liquids on the properties of commercially available irreversible hydrocolloid impression materials. materials and methods: four commercial...